Opposition Against Macbeth Essay

Finally the three witches who built up Macbeth is also opposing him with a new prediction which would lead to his downfall. (3. 5 29-31) In Act three we are introduced to Macbeths deception and paranoia as he begins to suffer horrifying images of his murdered victims appear amongst him. Macbeths greatest opposition as he quickly destroys his status among others is Banqou his closest friend . Banqous suspicion towards Macbeth grows deeper ,yet it’s his persistence towards his prophesies that forces him into silencing the topic of his beliefs and knowledge for his own ambitions. Banqou awaited for his prophesies to suffice his wants yet as the time grew Macbeth grew in power with dark intentions. AS time quickly slipped through Banqous hand Macbeth noticed the threat the Banqou held against him. (Act3-2)(40-61)Macbeth began to experience paranoia and Banqous suspicion fueled that paranoia. With the witches misleading statements towards Banqous life and rise to glory, Macbeth was convinced there was a defective statement that may lead to his death through Banqous request. With fear and hatred circling his mind, Macbeth convinced two attendants to murder Banqou. (Act3-3)(12-33)As the two murders go off and commit their crime, Macbeth hints to his wife of great plans and that’s a sign of glory and confidence filling his soul. Macbeth had experienced a lack of sleep and a lack of apatite as he sat at his thrown while Banqou and others revolved around him with great suspicion leaving an emotional and mental scar. Act3-4)(49-101)After Banqous death, Macbeth grew great confidence yet it was the idea of murdering his friend haunted him daily and knowing Fleance escaped grew more fear within his soul. (Act3-5) The second opposition which played a large role from the beginning was the witches and Hecate. Macbeth finally reached his goal and accomplished his prophesy yet it was his greed that made him want more power and knowledge of future occurrences ,Knowing this Hecate Decided to convince Macbeth of more glory awaits him and raise his confidence to a higher level which will finally destroy him and lead him to his great down fall. Hecate knew Macbeth’s rain among Scotland and those close to him had to reach its limit and allowing him to continue would lead them to their death. In order to avoid the conflict and remove Macbeth from his power swiftly, Hecate and the other witches decided to allow Macbeth collapse on himself through gentle statements they created. Macbeth’s insecurity and fear leads him to gain enemies and demons which over take his mind. Act3-6)The final great opposition that slowly forms against Macbeth was Lennox and the other lords. Lennox and the other lords begin to discuss Macbeth’s actions among his territorial rule. The lords begin to discuss all the crimes they are sure Macbeth had committed. Macbeth begins to create a defence for himself as he find out his enemies alliance grows rapidly. Macbeth leads himself into the lowes t of situations as he slowly begins to murder others . His suspicion and terror haunts his every move and his enemies grow with his every day at his position.

The top greenhouse gas emitter in the world

Taking China and US as examples we notice that: 1) China burns more coal in its power plants and produces more goods in its factories, thus it emits more pollutants into the air and dumps more effluents into the water, and in effect the economy moves from point A to B in Graph 1 . 2) United States has grown richer in recent decades. Thus being sufficiently rich, it can afford o takes steps in limiting pollution, thereby reducing the environmental damage.In US, the cars have catalytic converters that reduce fog and the government has imposed a limit on the emission of pollutants from the plants. Thus the economy of US is moving from C to D in Graph 1. As a countries per capita income rise, the initial effect is environmental damage but when a country becomes sufficiently rich, it can afford to take steps to protect the environment. (Grumman & Obsolete, 2009) What does this have to do with International Trade? Trade liberalizing is often supported on the grounds that it will be promoti ng economic growth.Economic growth as a result will increase the per capita income which may lead to environmental damage initially but later, the country may take steps to improve the environmental quality. However, the rise in per capita income, improving or worsening the environmental quality can be well understood by observing which side of the environmental Sunsets curve the economy will lay. However the environmental Sunsets curve does not imply that globalization is good for the environment. It fairly gives an idea that a world level globalization has indeed harmed the environment, so far.INTERNATIONAL INITIATIVES TO COMBAT GREENHOUSE EFFECT AND COMATE CHANGE To combat greenhouse effect and climate change, many conferences and treaties have been conducted between various nations of the world. Some of these are: The Earth Summit/ROI Summit/ ROI Conference- This is also known as The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development which was held in ROI De Jeanine from J une 3 to June 14,1992. Many issues relating to environmental protection was first discussed here wherein 178 governments and 2400 representatives of non- governmental organizations participated.It resulted in the following documents: ROI Declaration on Environment and people Agenda Convention on Biological Diversity Forest Principles Framework Convention on Climate Change In 2012, it is again held in ROI from June 20th to 2nd, commonly called ROI+20 or ROI Summit 2012. The Kyoto Protocol- This is an agreement made under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Nations that ratify this protocol entrust to reduce their emissions of carbon dioxide and five other greenhouse gases. It consists of more than 160 countries globally.China has been the biggest single beneficiary of globalization, whose export led economy has experienced enormous growth since 1980. Meanwhile the single biggest environmental issue has been climate change. Before the government of China introdu ced several economic growth reforms in 1979, the average annual real GAP growth rate estimated by the Congressional Research Service stood at 5. 3%, from 1960-1978. An 2010, the annual growth rate was estimated at 10. 4%. China faced a steep incline and decline in its GAP growth rate due to global recession in 2008, which stood at 9. % drop compared to 14. % during 2012 (Agency). Due to the structural reforms, China's economy is set to grow 7. 6 percent in 2013, beating the government's 7. 5 percent target. (Angina, 2012). Due to such economic growth, it is clearly seen that China alone is a major emitter of greenhouse gases, which is raising the earth's average temperature. China's boom is closely associated with a huge increase in its emission of carbon dioxide. On the other hand, United States has already faced a situation of being the largest emitter of greenhouse gas in 2007.From 1980 to 2012; United States ranks three out of 187 countries in Human Development Index that rose b y 0. 4% annually (from 0. 843 to 0. 937 till date. ). Thus, United States has become sufficiently rich such that now the realization of taking steps to protect the environment dawns on them. The five environmental policies that President Obama has put in place to protect US environment and promote clan energy are (Price, 2008) : Creating the first-ever standard to limit greenhouse gases from new fossil-fuel-fired power plants, a source of carbon pollution.Establishing the first fuel efficiency standards for heavy-duty trucks, preventing 270 million metric tons of roundhouse gases from polluting the air. Putting into place the first-ever national standard for mercury and toxic air pollution from power plans, preventing up to 130,000 cases of asthma symptoms every year. Approving the nation's first offshore wind farm, that will generate clean electricity and power to 200,000 homes. Approving renewable energy projects, including 16 utility scale solar projects which are first ever on p ublic lands.However as years went by, and China began to develop at a rapid pace, the carbon dioxide emission began to rise, being almost equal to United States in 2006( 5817 million tones of CA) and overtaking it in 2007(6194 million tones). In 2006, United States greenhouse gas emissions decreased from 5992 million tones to 591 5 million tones. However, the US carbon dioxide emission rose by 1. 6% in 2007 following the bursting of the housing bubble in the mid 2007 when US entered a severe recession. This clearly shows how pollution is closely related to economic success.From 2008 onwards, the carbon dioxide level emitted by United States begins to reduce and in 2009, President Obama sets a target to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the range of 17% below the 2005 levels. This is clearly understood by Sunsets explanation: As a country gets sufficiently rich, it can afford to take action to protect the environment. However, China is still in the stage of progression of being suff iciently rich, in comparison to its population (satisfying the needs of its entire people).Thus China continues to emit a high level of carbon dioxide in 2009, about 7205 million tones while Unite States is seen to reduce is emission to around 5427 million tones. Currently, China emits 48 % more CA than the USA and is responsible for a quarter of the world's emission. CONCLUSION China ranks as the top greenhouse gas emitter in the world while United States is in the second position. However China is responsible for a quarter of the world's emission.The main problem here is not globalization but China's economic success, which has to some extent come as a result of globalization. The foreign trade due to globalization makes producers have an access to larger, international markets. This access means that the economy benefits from international division of labor. Not only this, Domestic producer's produce more efficiently due to their international factorization and the pressure comin g from foreign companies. Thus consumers enjoy a wider variety of domestic and imported goods at lower prices.Empirical evidence suggests that globalization has significantly boosted economic growth in East Asian economies such as China. This economic growth, has down the line affected the environment adversely. Despite Environmental concerns, it's difficult to argue that China's growth, which has raised a millions of people out of dire poverty, is a bad thing. However, emission of carbon dioxide affects the future climate for all entries, thus being an international negative externally it is an important subject of international negotiation.

Abiotic And Biotic Characteristics Environmental Sciences Essay

Abiotic And Biotic Characteristics Environmental Sciences Essay San Francisco Bay has maintained a magnificent body of water and use to sustain the economy of Western United States and San Francisco Estuary in Bay in is of great importance because through this a large number of water draining becomes possible. It’s Estuary from where fresh water meets to sea water. There are many pollutants that we face in our daily life e.g. dirt, sediments, oil, grease, fertilizes pesticides chemicals etc. the water running from the land carrying these pollutants to underground and ultimately this reach to the Estuary of san Francisco. These pollutants when reach in river and sea water can pollute the whole water and prove harmful for aquatic life as it can be cause harm for wetland creatures like fish, and can prove very dangerous for other habitats of water. It can destroy the aquatic system and can be major threats for the living organism living under water. As San Francisco Estuary considered as a very important region and has much economic importan ce so for prevention of pollution and keep safe this region from other different factors restoration and conservation is used. Abiotic and biotic characteristics of the San Francisco Estuary Many of environmental factors affect the abiotic and biotic characteristics of the San Francisco Estuary these include both abiotic and biotic characteristics. These factors effects the life in Estuary in great extends. Non-living factors are called abiotic factors which include concentration of oxygen and nutrients, salinity of water and amount of sunshine. As these factors have the major impact on the life in estuary. All living factors that affect the estuary are called biotic factors. That includes producers’ consumers and predators as producers are of basic importance for consumers. Consumers rely on producers and predators rely on consumers. So these are depend on one another to maintain the balance of estuary, Population growth in the San Francisco Bay area affected the estuary Inc reasing trend of population in San Francisco Bay area affected the estuary as increasing trend of population cause a rush in urban as well as on village areas. More the people are using the recourses more the waste is creating and much use of water and water waste from its use create pollution as much of the polluted water is drained through the underground ways to Estuary that is a great threat for the marine life. More over in recent years 40,000 metric tons of pollutants enter the Bay annually from agriculture and urban runoff. Rivers, atmospheric fallout, municipal sewage treatment plants, industrial facilities, natural and artificial erosion, illegal clearance, dredging and dredged material disposal, marine vessel discharges, accidental spills, and landfill seepage are also causing problems as well. (1) Habitat fracture in the San Francisco Estuary been increased by human behavior Estuaries is of great importance for us as these are used for food, trade and for shelter and in t his case Sans Francisco Bay has great importance as it is used as harbor for many ships of this regions. There are large number of plants and animals found in Estuaries and the most of population of San Francisco Bay depend on these marine lives for their food. But due to the pollution spreading by increase in population cause harm to these plants and animals. This pollution can cause damage to the lives of these plants and animals found in estuaries.

International Finance Airbus and Boeing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

International Finance Airbus and Boeing - Essay Example Boeing Company is the largest aerospace company of US. Its operations are in more than 90 countries. The commercial airplane division is the most prominent of all divisions. The company is headquartered in Illinois and known as premier US aircraft manufacturer. Boeing's revenue in the year 2010 was $64.31 billion and first-half revenue in 2011 was $31.45 billion. The company is subject to foreign currency exchange risk for company's revenue comes through its operations in various locations and company also makes payments to suppliers in foreign currencies. The company needs to manage foreign currency risk by entering into the foreign currency forward contracts, hedging the price risk associated with receipts and payments with respect to current business. The forward contracts neutralize the effect of any negative exchange rate fluctuations and safeguard the company. Airbus is headquartered in Toulousse and owned by EADS. Airbus' operations are spread throughout the world with total workforce of more than 119,000. The company's costs are made in euro but bulk of the revenues comes in US dollar. Airbus has long delivery periods for the order received today for the aircraft the delivery will be made only after 4-5 years. In view of this, they need to enter into forward contracts to lock currency exchange rates to safe guard themselves because they should not lose when the final payments are made to them on delivery. The company’s half of the cost are paid in Euros and the company needs to hedge for at least two years at the appropriate rates against dollar for bulk of its revenue comes in dollars. The company should also make its European suppliers to bill them in dollars so that currency risk is passed on to them. Discuss a framework a firm might adopt for capital budgeting internationally. A multinational or for that matter any firm operating internationally is always worried about the revenue streams or cash flows that their investments in some other country will bring. The conversion value fluctuations between host and home currencies may make all the difference in budget and actual cash flows received after implementation of the project. 1. An international firm may adopt a simple approach as per the following. 2. Estimating future cash flows in host country currency where investment has been made. 3. Estimating an appropriate discount rate in foreign currency based on the interest rate and prevailing inflation rate in that country. 4. All revenues streams for the expected life of the project are calculated in the foreign currency of the country of operation and the same are converted to Net present value (NPV) using the discount rate also called cost of capital. 5. Converting the foreign currency NPV as calculated above into own currency using the spot exchange rate In another approach, a firm may first convert the foreign cash flows into own currency at the exchange rate expected to prevail. Then the firm may calculate its NPV based on the cost of capital prevailing in its own country. Any of the above approaches will bring the same result s. Again, in order to safeguard and mitigate the risk involved with the capital invested at international shore, the company needs to enter into a suitable forward currency contract as per the cash flows available to them for remittance to own country. Critically assess the work of the credit rating agencies and suggest possible reforms to improve their functioning. Briefly discuss whether your reforms could have prevented the â€Å"Credit Crunch†. The credibility of credit rating agencies has gone downhill after subprime crisis. The high ratings they awarded to residential mortgage-backed bonds facilitated commercial transactions across all financial markets in US and Europe. At times, their action raises host of doubts in the investor's mind. The Enron case reminds us how rating

Ethical Considerations in Leadership Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ethical Considerations in Leadership - Article Example His message was that, I should keep down my head and avoid drawing any attention concerning the problems that the company was facing in performance. The fact that the control purpose of the meeting was to be affected by the manager’s demand made me very uncomfortable. Covering up the problems that led to poor company performance worried me because this was very unethical. I was also concerned of being accused of things that the manager could not have told me, which could also be affecting the company. Despite these misgivings, I went ahead to attend the meeting, just to avoid being at loggerheads with the manager. On attending the meeting, I had to address issues concerning the company that I had no slight idea about. When I informed the manager about eh meeting and the questions asked, he was very angry at me, accusing me of betraying him. After a month, I was given notice concerning my job contract termination. A month later, I was fired with claims that I was a poor perform er and could not meet the company’s expectations. This really discouraged me and to me, the manager was unethical in carrying out his duties. Problem Identification Real leaders consider doing the right thing irrespective of its consequences when faced by difficult ethical dilemmas (Kidder, 1995). Managers experience such dilemmas when caring out their daily chores as Greenfield (1991) says. Developing moral obligations to the companies and their employees leaves them in a situation where they have to determine what is morally right. Unfortunately, very few leaders are usually able to deal with such conflicts. Until recently, ethical issues were accorded little attention in dealing with organizational conflicts (Kidder, 1995). The problem in this case is that, the manager was not ready to attend the meeting because he well understood the problems. He therefore feared any confrontations from his superiors and thus opted to send me to represent him. Though he could have been co nfronted for the poor performance of the company, he could have handled the situation better than me, because he was more experienced. As for me, I was very new in such issues, despite not being responsible for the problems. The manager could have also sent his assistant who could have also argued out the issues better than me, just a junior staff. It was unfortunate that the questions asked were very unfamiliar to me. On the other hand, the manager knew very well where he was failing but kept on assuming his responsibilities. For example, poor trained staff and late delivery of supply goods were the main problems. These are issues he could have addressed early enough by seeking help from his seniors. On the other hand, these were issues he could have presented before the board during the meeting. However, he was reluctant because he well knew that he was to blame for such mistakes. Another solution was for the manager to attend the meeting and air his views concerning the problems in a way that worked out better for him, since he was in a better position to defend him. As Kidder (1995) says, management crisis are better handled by the affected party than a second or third party. However, the best solution to the manager, which is also ethical, was for him to attend the meetings personally, explain everything, and ask for assistance in proving the company’s performance. For example, since the main problems were delayed delivery of goods and untrained staff, the manager could h

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol - Term Paper Example Advantages/ Benefits of DHCP 1. minimized IP Address configuration errors as is attributed with the manual IP address configurations to computers 2. Network administration tasks are reduced since the TCP/IP configurations are now centralized and automated, it’s easy to handle efficiently ip addresses for client machines whose IP addresses change frequently i.e. devise on wireless network. 3. There is no address duplication since there’s automatic assignment of IP addresses. Significance of DHCP All devices on a TCP/IP-based network are required to have unique IP addresses to help the computers access the network and share resources. Without using a DHCP, it means that IP addresses must be reconfigured anytime a computer is added or moved to a different subnet and similarly the IP addresses be reclaimed when a computer from the network. DHCP on the other hand comes in handy by automating the entire process as well as central management of the same. The DHCP protocol is c ontained in the DHCP server which holds a pool of IP addresses and leases the given IP addresses to client machines which join the network. It uses the concept of ‘lease’ or time length that a particular IP address remains valid. The DHCP is an extension of BOOTp protocol which is an earlier network IP management protocol. Implemeting a DHCP eliminates some of configuration problems associated with manually configured TCP/IP. Some of the parameters that are passed to a DHCP client include: The clients IP address A subnet mask Default gateway Domain Name Servers Network servers Time synchronization information. Manual TCP/IP addressing Configuration The limitations of configuring TCP/IP manually mean that: 1. It’s easy for users to pick a random IP address instead of getting a valid IP address. These incorrect IP addresses lead to network problems which become difficult to trace 2. Manually typing of IP addresses, subnet masks or default gateways leads to communic ation problems if the credentials are wrong. 3. There are administrative overheads on internetworks when computers are frequently changed between subnets. How DHCP works DHCP server offers an automated method for IP address distribution and updating on a given network. The server offers this information to the particular client through a series of message exchanges called DHCP conversations or DHCP transactions. For communication on different subnets, a DHCP relay agent is preferred to aid the conversation. DHCP Architecture A DHCP architecture consists of DHCP servers, DHCP clients and DHCP relay agents. The DHCP client is a network-enabled device that enables the communication with the DHCP server for the purpose of getting a dynamically leased IP address. DHCP is supported in the following operating systems: Windows NT version 4, Windows 2000, Windows XP, Windows server 2003, windows 98, windows ME. The DHCP Server is in charge of maintaining the scope, reservations as well as op tions as set by the given administrator. Configuring a DHCP client Normally the DHCP client TCP/IP software is never configured with a static IP address but instead configured to get/obtain the IP address dynamically from the DHCP server. The leasing process of TCP/IP configuration involves the following four steps: DHCPDISCOVER-the DHCP client will broadcast a DHCP discover message that contains its specific MAC address as well as the computer name in attempt to request for an IP address from

Understand the key features of the theories of motivation in a team Essay

Understand the key features of the theories of motivation in a team (LEADERSHIP) - Essay Example which workers get motivated is through; use of inspirational posters and participating in team building activities especially when the leaders take part with the team members (Heinrichs 2013, P. 211). As such, the team building activities enhances cohesiveness among team members. The essay seeks to discuss an understanding of key features of the motivational theories through an effective leadership. There are many causes of dissatisfaction among members of a team at a place of work. Among the major causes of dissatisfaction is being underpaid. Whenever a member of a team or an employee feels that he is underpaid, he will get dissatisfied and hence gets less motivated. A less motivated employee is less productive and, as a result, compromising the overall performance of the organization. Poor management is another cause of dissatisfaction among team members. Most members of a team want to be led by someone they look up to as a role model. When this is lacking, members under this leadership are likely to be less motivated. In certain occasions, lack of interest can also be a possible cause of dissatisfaction among members of a team. Without interest, dissatisfaction follows and finally, the general performance of the company (Lepak & Gowan 2010, P. 77). To some, the lack of career growth can cause dissatisfaction among members of a team. The members will then get withdrawn from w ork and the resultant outcome is a compromise of the performance of an organization. To develop a team, a leader can employ a number of techniques with an aim of motivating his workers. However, if workers are not motivated, their performance may go down. Therefore, motivation is an essential component in the enhancement of performance. Though, team leaders or managers need to motivate employees as frequent as possible through a number of ways. First, the team leader should be proactive to build the required skills in order to work efficiently in the achievement of the set target (Tracy

Response paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Response paper - Essay Example A neighbor says: â€Å"Good fences make good neighbors†, but for the main character this claim is vague. He cannot guess whether this claim is right or wrong. Frost introduces different metaphors and comparisons trying to compare the issues of privacy of the modern society with the laws of nature. He talks about animals and he says that there is no need to hide from each other and to build the walls. Another neighbor opposes to him and sticks to his point claiming that it is better to be separated from each other and live one’s life the way he wants. We can see that the boundaries between neighbors are too thin and the rights of individuals can hardly be protected. On the one hand, to build a wall is to show respect to the privacy of another person, but on the other hand, it underlines a feeling of estrangement: Moreover, there are essential contradictions raised by the author, when he wants to discuss whether it is relevant to build walls or it is easier to destroy them? These questions are of crucial importance for the contemporaries, when the issues of privacy are high on the agenda. Nowadays privacy really became crucial. There is no doubt that a desire of freedom was embodied in individual privacy of the society. Further on, it is relevant to claim that the issues of privacy are too much desirable by some people and they are ready to live on their own and to be detached from others. Dependency is awful for our contemporaries, we struggle for independence and it represents our primary goal. Independence and freedom are two basic pillars of the modern society, in which only free person can be happy. It is hard to sustain these two pillars, but it is even harder to destroy them. Whether Frost right or wrong, but he makes us think about people around us and to show that humane treatment is one of the first and foremost things in the world. It is easy to build

Law School Admissions Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Law School Admissions - Personal Statement Example One of the main reasons for why am I interested in the law degree program being offered by the St. Thomas University is the level of motivation which I have for obtaining law degree from a well reputed university. I am seeking a career in some field related to law and justice and that can only be possible if I get an opportunity to get a degree from a prestigious university. I want to study under the guidance of highly qualified faculty of St. Thomas University. I believe that my educational background in the field of psychology and experience as a police cadet make me a perfect candidate for getting admission in the St. Thomas University. I worked for Dunkin Donuts when I was 13. At 14, I joined the police department as a cadet. Along with that, I also worked as a grocery store clerk in order to get some money and work experience. To me, the most enjoyable experience was when I was working in the police department because I learned a lot of skills and knowledge related to different law issues. I devoted almost 1,500 hours to community service, which included working at DUI checkpoints, foot patrol at city functions, the Cadet Honor Guard, and pistol team. I also completed a 12-week academy training, which focused the areas of state laws, pedestrian contacts, report writing, arrest control, and firearms safety. I also worked as a 911 operator in the police department. I rose through the ranks of Sergeant and Lieutenant in a quick time and I possess the experience of supervising more than 50 police cadets. Summing it up, I learned a lot of leadership skills and qualities while working in the police department. I am looking forward to establish my career as a lawyer in order to provide justice to the people. My focus is on making my country progress in the field of law and justice because it is essential for the advancement of a society. My end goal is to take all of my experiences and the

'Representation of the female body in Hip Hop music videos' An Dissertation

'Representation of the female body in Hip Hop music videos' An analysis of content - Dissertation Example The present day music scene is dominated by extravagant usage of accessories, sets and high end technologically sophisticated gadgets. In the present times music is not just restricted to monochromic or monotonous demonstration of one’s musical knowledge and talent. Rather it comes in packages, with visual appeal, brand value of the star, thematic or cult trends and factors like attractive editing, special effects and obviously a scintillating performance by the featured star that makes watching the video worthwhile. While there are many genres of music that have emerged more popular than others over the times, gathering mass acceptance and witnessing an increased audience, there are the other lost and forgotten musical cultures and styles that have faded away from the face of the international musical scene. Of the most popular genres are the following: Western Pop, Hip Hop, R and B, Rap, Electro, Punk Rock, Heavy Metal, Rock and Jazz. Due to the gradual evolution that these music categories have had, they have been able to withstand the onslaught of the modern-day demanding music enthusiast and avoid fading into oblivion. Our research area in this exploratory and investigative report is the usage and representation of the female body in hip hop music videos. We will be restricting our research on the topic by focusing on the genre: Hip Hop. Nevertheless we will also discuss and draw conclusions on the global music industry’s usage and representation of women and their bodies in glamorising music videos. Hip Hop Music – Its Origin. Hip Hop music is a modern genre of music that has its roots embedded in old folk music in the African continent. Over the years and decades it has undergone a series of modifications in its literary connections, style of presentation, themes, lyrical content, visual effect and overall sound. It used to be a tribal form of musical expression and had merged with other offshoots of ancient African tribal music, und ergoing several changes to get its present form. Hip Hop music is one of the trendiest and catchiest form of music not only involving the foot tapping groovy beats,

Angela McRobbie’s Analysis of Jackie Essay Example for Free

Angela McRobbie’s Analysis of Jackie Essay This essay will be exploring Angela McRobbie’s analysis of Jackie and why the magazine has seen a new found popularity in recent years. Jackie was a popular British weekly teenage girls’ magazine published by Scottish company D.C. Thomson which was published from 1964 up until 1993. It was named after the children’s author Jacqueline Wilson who worked for D.C. Thomson at the time. The magazine was most popular with girls in the age range of 10 to 14. Before Jackie made its debut, magazines aimed at teenaged girls were normally romance orientated comic strips such as Mirabelle, Romeo and Valentine. Although Jackie did indeed feature romantic stories, they were not the main focus of the magazine. Features that had normally previously featured only in women’s magazines such as problem pages, fashion pages, reader’s true life stories, and hair and beauty advice were now introduced to a teenage population. Indeed Jackie was written by the women’s magazine department of D.C. Thomson rather than the one focused on children’s comics such as The Beano and The Dandy. Taking all this into consideration, it could be argued that Jackie provided the blue print for the modern teenage girl’s magazines. In her analysis, McRobbie says she feels that Jackie tapped into the biological nature of teenage girls, when they start to become more curious about their changing bodies and start to show an interest in the opposite sex. The Cathy and Claire problem pages were a popular feature with readers of the magazine, and many problems readers wrote in with mainly focused on boys and other common problems that come hand in hand with growing up. McRobbie believes that one purpose of the magazine was to prepare girls for the â€Å"brief flowering† period that many young working class women in that time had before marriage but after they had just left school and started work and so had freedom and a disposable income to go out with their friends to pubs a nd dances and buy adult items such as clothes and make-up. Richard Hoggart discusses this period in his analysis of working class teenage girls in his book The Uses of Literacy. One feature Jackie was famous for was its photo stories that provided a stepping stone to fame for celebrities such as Fiona Bruce and Hugh Grant, which were usually of a romantic nature, in the style thought to appeal to the young women of the target audience. These provided girls with a romantic ideal which McRobbie discusses in her analysis of the magazine, McRobbie believes that young girls are conditioned to seek romantic based  relationships instead of sexual ones and that romantic stories like the ones that featured in Jackie and other magazines aimed at teenaged girls at the time helped to reinforce this. Again, these can seem comically clichà ©d and dated by the standards of today. In fact, one of the reasons that Jackie may have regained popularity is that this style of article, although probably reasonable at the time written, seem almost laughable and maybe also politically incorrect by today’s standards (for example one article featured in The Best of Jackie Annual on ways how to attract boys suggests that a girl should try sitting on a park bench â€Å"looking tearful†, and a fashion feature refers to plus sized girls as â€Å"fatties† and very slim girls as being â€Å"stick like†). To many people in 2012, these almost seem like satire. Indeed, on the popular bookselling website Amazon, The Best of Jackie Annual and it’s spinoffs such as Dear Cathy and Claire The Best of Your Favourite Problem Page can be found under the sub-category â€Å"Humour†. A feature that can be found in The Best of Jackie Annual, which had previously been published as a part of an actual Jackie Christmas annual, on how to survive Christmas parties advises the readers to be wary of drunken bosses and uncles making passes at them. This is disturbingly mentioned in a casual and almost light hearted fashion, like it is a common occurrence to be expected, and perhaps even tolerated. The idea of a girl so young being put in a vulnerable position with a much older man, especially one who is in a position of authority or a relative, would be unlikely to be treated in this fashion today. This article may appear humorous to some people in a dark way, simply because it is so shocking and highly inappropriate by today’s standards. Another reason why Jackie may have seen a new increase in popularity is because older women, who would have been readers of Jackie in the past, may want to look back at their youth and remember a much simpler time before they had children to worry over, bills to pay, jobs (or lack of them) and mortgages. Looking back on the past is something which has always been very popular with people and becomes more common during times of economic recession, like the one Britain (and Europe in general) has been struggling with in recent years. There are numerous discussions on the internet in forums with older women talking fondly about their experiences and memories of reading Jackie. When Jackie stopped being published in 1993, D.C. Thomson realised a new magazine aimed at teenaged girls called Shout,  which could possibly be seen by some people as a rebranding of Jackie. Shout is still being published today and I compared a recent copy of Shout from May 2012 to a copy of Jackie from June 1981. Both magazines feature a celebrity on the front cover, with Shout having Cheryl Cole and Jackie having Adam Ant, and both also have tampon adverts on the back covers. A similar layout to that which Jackie used, and which McRobbie discusses in Jackie: An Ideology of Adolescent Femininity, is used in Sh out. Problem pages, fashion pages, celebrity gossip, hair and beauty advice, â€Å"pin-ups† of attractive male celebrities, horoscopes and reader’s true-life stories all feature in both magazines, although there are clear generational differences in these articles between the two magazines. Advice given in the problem pages of Shout is more concerned with more serious issues such as sex and alcohol abuse and also offers career advice. In the days of Jackie’s popularity girls were not often encouraged to stay on to do further education after the compulsory school leaving age and usually got married at an age which would be considered very young today, whereas today many girls go on to go to college and university and choose to put off marriage and having children to a later stage in life, if they opt to at all. Jackie also contained sewing and knitting patterns, which are things which are no longer common hobbies with teenaged girls today. This is likely due to fashionable clothing being sold cheaply in supermarkets and high-street stores such as Primark and Asda. The popularity of teenage magazines is currently on the decline, with many once popular magazines no longer being published. This is possibly due to the fact that the features of teenage magazines such as celebrity gossip, hair and beauty tips and updates on the latest fashions are readily available on the internet. Even if a young girl finds herself in need of advice there are now websites such as Yahoo Answers, Girls Ask Guys and Answerbag where she will be able to get (possibly dubious) responses to her question quickly from a variety of people across the world and there is also websites set up by charities offering advice on more serious matters such as abuse, bullying, drugs and sexual health. It is also worth having a brief look at the context of the magazine’s existence, with the early-mid 1960s being a reasonable period of progress in Britain. In the nation of Labour leader Harold Wilson’s â€Å"white heat† † (Sandbrook, 2005:737) – a nation still getting over the war, but  proudly (if cautiously) advancing in what historian Dominic Sandbrook called â€Å"a new era of creativity and progress† (Sandbrook, 2005:737)– it is only natural that Britain’s young women would have a need for their own entertainment and place for advice. While it is true that this is not the intended focus of the essay, such a background should not be ignored, and may go some way towards explaining the magazine’s eventual demise(arguably, rebranding) in the very different world of the 1990s.

Physician Assisted Suicide Essay Example for Free

Physician Assisted Suicide Essay The controversy surrounding physician assisted suicide has dominated the public court for long drawing and evoking varying emotions whenever it arises. Not to be confused with euthanasia, physician assisted suicide refers to the act by doctors to provide a lethal injection to a patient at his or her request with an intention of terminating the patients life. It is closely related to euthanasia only that euthanasia can be carried out by doctors with or without the request of the patient. The debate on legalization of physician assisted suicide and its ethical appropriateness has at one time cropped up in most countries. It is always a sensitive topic to the policy makers and politicians thanks to the arguments and the counterarguments it attracts, pitting religious groups and the liberalists. Religious groups like the Catholic Church feel it is unethical and against God’s teachings and will. Liberalists believe it should be a personal choice and not to be left to the dictates of the politicians and religious fundamentalists. There are those too in the medical profession who see it as a grave violation of the professional requirements as vowed in the Hippocratic Oath. The Hippocratic oath refers to the oath made by medical practitioners vowing not to carry out any prescription that would jeopardize the life of a patient whether or not it is at the patients requestor not. Doctors are supposed to abide by this oath. This is an oath that owes its history to the pre-medieval period and may not have foreseen the sort of challenges facing patients, doctors and other stakeholders in the health provision sector. This is a debate that has reigned much in the 20th century and it is the high time it is put to rest. The position of this paper is that physician assisted death is an exercise of ones fundamental freedoms and allows a patient to die with dignity (Colesanto, 62). The activism towards legalizing physician assisted deaths dates back to the start of the 20th century. It is this period that would witness the rise and the formation of societies and organization whose intention was to agitate either for its legalization or for its complete legal prohibition. In spite of this decades’ long activism, in the United States for example, only the state of Oregon has legalized it. Other countries in the world with a clear law on its legalization are Netherlands and Belgium, which passed the law in 2002. In Switzerland, physician assisted deaths are legal but there is a strict demand for certification and a clear establishment of such a need. These countries have provided inspiration to the rest of the world and soon there is likely to be increased activism towards the enactment of such laws. This will give patients faced with extreme choices to make one last important choice regarding their life, choosing to terminate their sufferings or to continue wallowing in a miasma of immense pain in the face of a sure death. The much hullabaloo about the ethical acceptability of physician assisted suicide misses a very important point; it is neither moral nor immoral. It is a personal choice that should be given to every patient who certifies the minimum required conditions. What should be noted is that death under normal circumstances is never pleasurable, a decision to end life is made after hard considerations and in the knowledge that it is the only easy way out. Patients who make such hard choices are driven by the immense pain they are facing and with no respite in sight. That is the key reason why it is the patient that makes the call rather than the doctor. Wear notes that in assisted suicide, â€Å"the patient acts the part. † He further says that the choice to either take death or life in physically assisted suicide â€Å"rests fully with the patient in the sense that neither will take place without the patient’s desire† (87) This brings in an important point into the debate; choice. This is the key argument behind physician assisted deaths. They should be permitted in the respect of one fundamental freedom of making own choices regarding the direction of our lives especially faced with such insurmountable odds. It is the final freedom of choice to be exercised. A look at terminally ill patients leaves one with pity and grief at the pain some of them go through. Although there has been tremendous efforts brought forth by technology seeking to improving the conditions and the lifespan of these patients, it is apparent that they go through a lot of suffering. There is no known medication that can ease such pain. One noted complication id the feeling of breathlessness and suffocation experienced by a lot of terminally ill patients in their death bed. This is a complication that can not be alleviated through drugs and always leaves a patient with a feeling of helplessness. The bouts of pain that attacks such patients cannot be eased effectively through the use of medication. Patients have to brave through such suffering in the daunting knowledge that death is on the way. To such patients, it is without any doubt that death would be a welcome respite, and to know that they can have control of the hour that such a death would take place would be a great solace thanks to physician assisted death. Most hospices offering palliative care are filled with people living their last moments on earth. They are people who have failed to receive any improvements from the normal process of medication and some of them are meant to receive comfort in their last days on earth. It is important to note that many are in a vegetative state and no amount of medication, care and therapy can bring them back to their active life. They hence become a burden to their loved ones and to the society in general. Most of these, especially the aged are more than willing to die, they do not expect to hang on to life forever as John Hardwig notes, â€Å"to have reached the age of, say, seventy-five or eighty years without being ready to die is itself a moral failing, the sign of a life out of touch with lifes basic realities† (14) It goes without saying that anyone has reached such a point in time and is in a vegetative state requires a lot of attention from the spouse, family members and friends. He has to receive constant visitations and comfort to re assure him or her during the last moments. This inability to fend for oneself and the feeling that one is a burden to family members is degrading in itself and given a choice, majority would prefer death to such loss of dignity. This is where the concept of dying with dignity comes in. Though those who take an economic approach to this debate are accused of being mundane and hedonistic, it is an important issue that has to be tackled. Palliative care for terminally ill patients for example can be both financially and emotionally draining both to the patients and to the families’ savings. It is only a matter of time before the spouse or the family begins complaining of the huge bills and time that they commit to medication and care. Economics aside, this is usually an emotionally draining period, as Ackerman notes, â€Å"when this kind of care giving goes on for years, it leaves the care- giver exhausted, with no time for herself or life of her own†. 5) The amount of money spent during this period can eat up into the family’s savings and jeopardize the lives of those that are healthy. It has to be understood that the rest of the members have other obligations and plans such as bills and college fees. It is not prudent hence to continue paying for the care of a person who is willing to die rather than commit such funds to a more fulfilling venture with long term implications. In such a case, phy sician assisted suicide is the only way out. There is however lots of people who are opposed to physician assisted deaths. They cite various reasons such as ethics and the importance of human life over money and that it is against their religious teachings. One major argument is that legalization of physician assisted death will result into a devaluation of life (Low 37). It is true that there has to be effective laws in place to regulate the useless taking of people’s lives, to ensure that people do not end other people’s lives just because they feel like. However, when it comes to terminally ill and suffering patients beyond any medical salvage, the issue of devaluation of life does not come into play. They are suffering and death is fast coming, why not let them make that one important decision that will put a stop to their suffering? It is apparent that this debate has ranged on for long. Each time it is mentioned though, its benefits are more glaring than its disadvantages. It is an important way of easing the suffering of terminally ill patients by given them a chance to exercise their one final choice regarding their lives. This is a practice that eases both the patients’ and the family members’ economic and emotional strain.

Impact And Cultural Dimensions Of Globalisation

Impact And Cultural Dimensions Of Globalisation There are both winners and losers associated with globalisation, however what exactly is globalisation and how can it be defined? Daniels et al. Defines the term globalisation as follows: A contested term relating to the transformation of spatial relations that involves a change in the relationship between space, economy and society.  [1]  There are a few key dimensions connected to globalisation, these are economical, political, social, cultural and environmental. This paper will argue that there are some positives linked to globalisation, however many people are still worse off and suffer as a result of this phenomenon. There are some general winners as a result of globalisation: the highly skilled and educated, large firms, global markets, men, or any people with assets. Then there are the losers of globalisation: the workers, women and children, local communities, the uneducated, people without skills, the environment and small firms. For globalisation to work inequality must be decreased in order to close the gap between the rich and poor countries. Transnational and Multinational Corporations are those corporations which have headquarters in a certain country (mainly in a global city) and operate in several other countries around the world. They have been the central players in the evolution of globalisation since the Second World War. These have continued to become some of the most powerful economic and political entities in the world today. The corporations can influence globalisation greatly and bring wealth to developed countries. Many of the larger Transnational Corporations (TNCs) have a higher turnover than the majority of the worlds countries. For example, the combined revenues of General Motors and Ford alone, the two largest automobile corporations in the world, exceed the combined Gross Domestic Product (GDP) for all of sub-Saharan Africa.  [2]   Economic globalisation refers to increasing economic interdependence of national economies across the world through a rapid increase in cross border movement of goods, service, technology and capital.  [3]  Capitalism drives globalisation in this present era and will continue to do so with the markets opening up and becoming neo-liberal. Whilst economic globalisation has been occurring over several thousands of years, recently it has expanded rapidly with the increasing improvements in technology, transportation and free trade. This recent growth has occurred mainly because of developed countries integrating with less developed countries, by means of foreign direct investment (FDI), the reduction of trade barriers and the modernisation of these developing cultures. Countries involved in trade liberalisation benefit from an increase in living standards, increased incomes, and higher rates of economic growth. For economies to grow, TNCs need to generate profit and expand globally. They achieve this by moving their production line to less developed countries in order to decrease production costs and increase profit. The winners of this process are the major corporations (Nike, Gap, Tommy Hilfiger, etc.) whose products are made at a minimal cost, thus generating increased amounts of profit allowing them to globalise their business and become wealthier. TNCs have been heavily criticised, however they have invested in developing countries and by doing this, have managed to raise the living standards. Despite the western view that sweatshops are unethical, the labourers who work in them are often benefiting greatly. Many economists whose studies are directly related to sweatshops find that after controlling for other factors, multinational firms pay higher wages than domestic firms in Third World countries.  [4]  Many citizens in developing countries are unqualified or uneducated, thus making it extremely difficult for them to find employment by being unqualified. Feenstra and Hanson (1997) find that multinational firms improve the lives of workers by increasing the demand for labour.  [5]  This indicates that unqualified citizens still have a chance of employment and receiving an above average income. The apparel industry has drawn most attention in the press for its use of sweatshop labour. Evidently, the apparel wages are l ow by Western country standards however, these wages compare favourably with the average standard of living within these countries. For example, in Honduras, the site of the famous Kathy Lee Gifford sweatshop scandal, the average apparel worker earns, $13.10 per day, yet 44% of the countrys population lives on less than $2 per day.  [6]  Evidently, sweatshops do play a major role in developing countries, however there still are some negatives surrounding them. The negative associations with globalisation cannot be overlooked. The losers of this process are the workers who work increased hours, earn little income, along with poor living and working standards. Even though sweatshops produce a reasonable, above average income for its workers, they usually work in dirty polluted factories which may have a negative effect on the worker and may decrease their life span. For example, Tommy Hilfiger a world renowned brand has set up sweatshops in developing countries, where products are made at a minimal cost and sold in developed countries at a high cost, producing major profits which return to the specific TNC headquarters, thus the developing countries economy does not benefit greatly. This in turn leads to an increase in inequality between the rich and the poor. As a result of sweatshops, citizens in the developing world may suffer as well. When these major corporations move their production line to reduce costs they leave several thousands of local citizens unemployed, which may lead to them relying on welfare. They may also substitute humans with labour saving technologies which will also increase unemployment levels. This can continue to lead to issues such as a loss of tax revenue which may be detrimental to the home country and halt them from moving forward. An additional loser in this process can be the consumer who purchases these products which can be described as being highly overpriced. Another significant and often overlooked loser from economic globalisation is the environment. Major corporations decreases in environmental integrity as polluting corporations take advantage of weak regulatory rules in developing countries. For example, human systems are depleting resources and degrading the environment at unprecedented rates, such as mining companies clearing land for production causing deforestation and pollution. There are many more examples of environmental degradation such as urbanization of productive land; water logging and salinization of soil; soil erosion; deforestation; ground water depletion; ozone depletion; pollution; and climate change to name a few. These are all issues which are currently being seen through media sources. Such as the BP oil spill which has been graded the biggest environmental disaster in the US history, The oil rig, about 40 miles (64km) off the coast of Louisiana, sank two days later, gushing an estimated 12,000 to 19,000 barrels of crude oil a day into the Gulf of Mexico.  [7]  This appears to be a prime example of environmental degradation. This disaster has continuing effects on the environment and economy such as killing wildlife and habitat, and effecting tourism on this part of the coast. Ms Wickman, owner of the Treasure Trove gift shop that occupies an 18th century church, one of Alabamas oldest buildings, estimates that her business has dropped by half since news of the April 20 explosion that destroyed an oil rig under contract with BP.  [8]  Due to the interconnectedness of globalisation when this disaster occurred all the oil prices around the world fluctuated and were unstable at the time. Some countries may suffer from the resource curse. A prime example of the resource curse is Nigeria, a country rich in land, but poor in population. Despite its large earning from oil, 70% of its estimated 140 million people live below the poverty line.  [9]  About 95 percent of Nigerias revenue is generated by oil and gas, resulting in billions of dollars in state funds every year, though much of the country remains impoverished and underdeveloped this is mainly due to a high level of corruption in its government.  [10]  These can lead to much greater issues within developing countries such as an increase in the chances of civil war within developing countries and open war between developing countries as they fight for resources. In conclusion, there are evidently positive impacts which have occurred as a part of the globalisation phenomenon. It has contributed to increased job opportunities for uneducated or unqualified citizens, has increased economic growth for developed countries through transnational and multinational corporations, and increased living standards due to trade liberalisation. Even though there are some negatives associated with globalisation such as increasing the gap between the rich and poor, exploiting labourers, along with having environmental impacts, globalisation has still continued to have many great benefits on the world. It is unreasonable to predict that globalisation will encourage equality around the world; there will always be winners and losers, regardless.

Essay on Deception in Shakespeares King Lear -- King Lear essays

Deception in King Lear In King Lear, the characters deceive one another constantly. Most of them deliberately misrepresent themselves, but others are naturally difficult to understand. Some are trying to gain power while others are protecting themselves. There is an extreme contrast between reality and what each character appears to be to the other characters. This quality about the characters fuels the plot, bringing it to its ultimate end. The Fool is ironically different from his title. While the fool is commonly an idiot, Lear's fool seems to understand the political situation better that the king himself. His jokes and songs seem to be aimed at teaching Lear about the errors he has made rather than at making him laugh. He states in song that perhaps Kent and the king could take over his job, since they are behaving as better fools than he. He admonishes Lear for being old before he became wise. The Fool displays a deep understanding of corruption. His speech on the night "to cool a courtesan" depicts priests that do not follow their own sermons and nobles who wait on their servants. Quite unlike a fool, the Fool understands the complexity of the politics going on in the play. When Kent is in disguise, it is only his physical appearance that is false. Unlike the other characters who wear disguises, he does not change his actions to deceive Lear. Just as he was before Lear banished him, Kent is a loyal servant. Disguised as Caius, he is willing to follow the king through his ordeal. Kent remains a devoted servant, despite his apparel. It seems to Lear that Kent is gone and he has a new confidant. However, the reality is that Kent never really left him. The main conflict of King ... ...enly force. Gloucester believes that Edgar is a peasant instead of "Poor Tom" who led him to the cliff. Directly before the battle, Edgar gives Goneril's letter to Albany to save him from her deceit. Edgar only reveals himself at the very end. He has spent the majority of the play pretending to be someone else. Each of the characters appears to be something else. If all of the sisters had told the truth, then the play could not progress, so there is something that each main character must figure out. Lear must learn of the true nature of his daughters and that a good king will not let his people have terrible living conditions when he has superb ones. Gloucester must learn about loyalty, and Edgar must discover his brother's deceptions. Once the characters have recognised something that they did not understand before, the tragedy of King Lear is complete. Essay on Deception in Shakespeare's King Lear -- King Lear essays Deception in King Lear In King Lear, the characters deceive one another constantly. Most of them deliberately misrepresent themselves, but others are naturally difficult to understand. Some are trying to gain power while others are protecting themselves. There is an extreme contrast between reality and what each character appears to be to the other characters. This quality about the characters fuels the plot, bringing it to its ultimate end. The Fool is ironically different from his title. While the fool is commonly an idiot, Lear's fool seems to understand the political situation better that the king himself. His jokes and songs seem to be aimed at teaching Lear about the errors he has made rather than at making him laugh. He states in song that perhaps Kent and the king could take over his job, since they are behaving as better fools than he. He admonishes Lear for being old before he became wise. The Fool displays a deep understanding of corruption. His speech on the night "to cool a courtesan" depicts priests that do not follow their own sermons and nobles who wait on their servants. Quite unlike a fool, the Fool understands the complexity of the politics going on in the play. When Kent is in disguise, it is only his physical appearance that is false. Unlike the other characters who wear disguises, he does not change his actions to deceive Lear. Just as he was before Lear banished him, Kent is a loyal servant. Disguised as Caius, he is willing to follow the king through his ordeal. Kent remains a devoted servant, despite his apparel. It seems to Lear that Kent is gone and he has a new confidant. However, the reality is that Kent never really left him. The main conflict of King ... ...enly force. Gloucester believes that Edgar is a peasant instead of "Poor Tom" who led him to the cliff. Directly before the battle, Edgar gives Goneril's letter to Albany to save him from her deceit. Edgar only reveals himself at the very end. He has spent the majority of the play pretending to be someone else. Each of the characters appears to be something else. If all of the sisters had told the truth, then the play could not progress, so there is something that each main character must figure out. Lear must learn of the true nature of his daughters and that a good king will not let his people have terrible living conditions when he has superb ones. Gloucester must learn about loyalty, and Edgar must discover his brother's deceptions. Once the characters have recognised something that they did not understand before, the tragedy of King Lear is complete.

Criminal Behavior Essay -- Biology, Ellis and Walsh

Many scholars have attempted to explain criminal behaviour by identifying a genetic trait or other biological causes or indicator for criminality (Cullen and Agnew, 2011). Ellis and Walsh (2011) argue that while there is not a single â€Å"criminal behaviour† genetic trait, there are genetic trait that are associated with crime. They further suggest that these traits might provide evolutionary advantages to their holders in some circumstances. For example, traits such as deception and cheating would likely be evolutionary advantageous to maximizing a male's reproductive capabilities. Ellis and Walsh suggest that these traits might be genetically inherited. This theory of genetic influence does not however suggest that behaviours are genetically determined. Behaviours are still assumed to be learned, with specific genetic traits influencing this process (Ellis and Walsh, 2011).Rowe (2011) suggests a similarly biologically driven theory. He argues that through their impact upo n the central and autonomic nervous systems, genetic traits and biological harms can influence personality traits including those which are associated with criminality. In support of this notion are studies that have linked levels of testosterone and aggressiveness, low heart rate and criminality, weak skin conductance and criminality, as well as brain damage and lack of moral judgement (Rowe, 2011).Caspi, et al. (2011) present the theory that there are three super-traits which have various relationships with crime. The three super-traits they discuss are constraint, negative emotionality and positive emotionality. They note that the constraint and negative emotionality super-traits are related to self-control and with it criminality. This suggests that some indi... ...larly intimates. Both the methods and attributes associated with the crime are suggested to be learned. Learning of criminal and anti-criminal behaviour is thought to be similar to learning of other behaviours and attitudes in which the learner assimilates into the culture they are surrounded by (Sutherland and Cressey, 2011). This theory is similar to the Shaw and Mckay's explanation for criminality, but also ventures into the methods by which the attitudes are actually developed. Anderson's description of a culture of violence, that establishes a â€Å"code of the street† provides a vivid example of both the environmental conditions described by Shaw and Sutherland and Cressey as well as the learning processes described by Sutherland and Cressey. These clearly environmental and learned factors somewhat weaken the arguments of biological causes presented earlier..

Terror of the Middle Passage :: Slavery

A popular literature has painted this part of the slave experience as uniquely evil and inherently more inhuman that any of the others horrors of the slave life(Klein 130). Slaves were taken from their homes and was forcibly traded.One cannot, of course, mention the Middle Passage without eliciting the horrors of tightly packed men, women and children chained together, to keep them from rebelling, or from choosing the suicidal fate of jumping overboard. The mortality of captives in Africa, therefore, included not only losses among those headed for export at the Atlantic coast but the additional losses among those destined for export to Orient among those captured and transported to serve African masters(Engerman and Inkori 117). The death that the slaves went through while they were being shipped was crucial and insane. It shows how the Middle Passage was the most terrifying journey for the slaves. The terror of the slaves in the manner in which they was carried and the mortality tha t they suffered, proves how the slaves was treated ruthlessly during the Middle Passage. Klein indicates the slavers carried 1.6 slaves per registered ship’s ton, with 5 to 7 square feet of deck area given to each slave. Most of the ships were outfitted with partial decks and platforms in the space below, the main deck and above the second or between the deck (Klein 132).The ships were different lengths and could hold only a certain amount of weight. The Brooks weighed 300 tons, and it held about 609 slaves. This arrangement gives a deck estimate at over 3,000 square feet, which provided an average of just under 7 square feet per slave. The LaVigilante is shown at 240 tons with 347 slaves and probably marks the lowest bound estimate with a deck area that results in 5.6 square feet per slave(Klein 133). Most slaves were crammed in into their designed spaces like loaves of bread on a shelf, with an average of six to seven square feet and rarely more than two or three feet of head space (Postma 23). Many slaves who, were in their nakedness, crouched on the lower ba ck. Men slaves were generally shackled two by two , making movement extremely difficult, and small groups were strung together by longer chains to take them to the upper deck for meals and fresh air. Women and children were generally confined to a separate deck space or in cabins and allowed greater mobility(Postma 23).

E-Tailing Persuasive Message

E-Tailing Many retailers have expanded their retail market to an online market. Using the internet to sell their goods is known as e commerce. â€Å"Ecommerce allows consumers to electronically exchange goods and services with no barriers of time or distance† (Network Solutions, n. d. ). E commerce has expanded rapidly in recent years due to its convenience for the consumer and the increase in businesses that use electronic retailing (e-tailing). Businesses use different marketing methods in order to reach their customers and attract new ones. Direct Marketing Direct marketing is when businesses sell a product or service directly to the consumer (B2C). With direct marketing, businesses have several options in marketing to their consumers. Businesses can use direct mail, television ads, and internet marketing just to name a few. There has been a rise in direct marketing in recent years. The use of direct marketing can be more costs effective for a business without having the additional cost of the overhead of a traditional store. Amazon. com took book stores to the next level when they began their website selling books via the internet in the mid 1990s. Some companies such as skin care products Proactiv and Skin ID advertise on television and direct you to their websites to purchase their products. Businesses can reach customers directly through email when they sign up for mailing lists. Emails Businesses will contact customers directly through email. This happens often with existing customers. Wells Fargo bank will contact their customers with special offers of products and services with occasional emails. Other businesses will email their customers coupons to draw them into their stores. Baskin Robins ice cream lure their customers in their stores with email coupons promising them free ice cream on their birthday. Email marketing that offers customers special savings and free products can be a very effective marketing tool. Websites Internet consumers can find great deals on travel when they go to travel websites such as Expedia and Travelocity where customers can purchase airfare, rental cars and hotels. Many of these sites offer price matching and other incentive when consumers book their travel plans with their company. They also allow the customer to comparison shop different travel deals in order to eliminate confusion for the consumer. Click-and-Mortar A popular trend in e tailing has been click-and-mortar retailers. Click-and-mortar is typically when e-tailers have an existing store and have branched out into selling their products online (Turban, et al, 2008). Many retailers have expanded their stores to an online market with their stores websites. Stores such as Walmart and Best Buy have tapped into this market. Some of these retailers have some products that are only available for purchase online. Best Buy for example, will sell products that were available at one time in their retail stores but are now only available online. There has also been a shift with e-tailers have moved from internet only to physical brick-and-mortar stores. They have taken a popular, successful way of shopping and brought it to consumers in a traditional way. These e-tailers turned brick-and-mortar as well as those who rely solely on direct marketing can target their consumers with emails, banner ads on popular websites such as social networking sites, and with internet mailing lists. Some businesses do not have enough of a market for their goods to convert to a click-and-mortar retailer â€Å"because they would not have enough consumers† (Turban, et al, 2008). When e-tailers are trying to attract potential customers, no matter what medium they use all messages must follow a similar model. The sender must make clear the purpose of the message, choose the best media for their message, and the technology they will use to deliver the message. When a business chooses the right forum they can be very effective in e tailing. Persuasive Message Member of the Community, Your local City Animal Shelter is making the move into becoming a no kill shelter by the year 2012. We are asking the residents of this city to assist us in meeting this goal by participating in our upcoming low cost spay and neutering clinics. We are also asking for your donations in order to get our new training program up and running so that we may train some of our older dogs to assist the elderly and disabled members of our community. Although the number of animals that are being euthanized is on the decline, any animal put to death is a precious life lost. Countless numbers of animals are being senselessly euthanized as a matter of population control. In order to reach our goals, the shelter plans to begin training as many of the older animals as service dogs because these animals are the least likely to be adopted out and the most likely to be euthanized. Hosting a low cost vaccination clinic will help reduce the number of strays and unwanted animals in the community. Euthanizing animals can no longer be used as a method of population control. We must begin to use our cities unwanted animals in order to help our neighbors in the community that need our help. Please help us by participating in our spay and neutering clinics or with a contribution to get our program off and running. Together we can make this a no kill city and improve the quality of life for our cities elderly and disabled. Sincerely, Your City Animal Shelter References Network Solutions. (n. d. ). What is Ecommerce? Retrieved, May 10, 2010, from http://www. networksolutions. com/education/what-is-ecommerce/ Turban, E. , King, D. , McKay, J. , Marshall, P. , Lee, J. , & Viehland, D. (2008). Electronic commerce 2008: A managerial perspective (5th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.

Kathakali

Kathakali is a phase angle of theatrical play that incorporates dance and maneuver in its presentation. It originated from the Kerala in the southern snap off of India. Kathakali combines five essentials of art, such as expressions (stressing the grandeur of facial expression), dance (rhythmical movements of the hands, legs, and body), enactment (giving stress to hand movements), song or straight-from-the-shoulder accompaniment, and fin altogethery instrument accompaniment. Most Kathakali plays go for the local language which is Malayalam. (Wikipedia, 2007)Performances are ground from the Mahabharata and Ramayana. The Kathakali is said to be the study of transaction art as a faction of religion, philosophic system, and psychology, and not of religion as a operation art beca use of goods and services it assimilates elements from each aspect, that is religion, philosophy and psychology, and perform it in an artistic fashion. To illustrate, the most popular theme of Kathaka li plays are ground on stories of Krishna (such as Bhagavata Purana). (Ancient Worlds, 2005)Krishna, as we all know, is considered as a divine being, idolize around the world by plenty who practice Hindu traditions, in particular, Hinduism (Wikipedia, 2007). The flooring of Krishna in Bhagavata Purana contains principles and beliefs that are the bases of religion, specifically Hinduism, and its philosophical foundation. The goal of performance art, in general, is to influence the mind of its audience.Read alsoArya Samaj athttps//es translatesamurai.co.uk/arya-samaj/The success of each performance is found on the responses of the members of the audience. In the mental aspect, Kathakali makes use of facial expressions to captivate the soul of the audience. Kathakali artists pay a connection with their audience finished their theatrical methods and techniques. Another form of performance art, however, ancient in nature, is Kutiyattam. It is safe to say that the foundation of Ka thakali in terms of religious, philosophical, and psychological aspect also applies to Kutiyattam because Kathakali is said to drive home originated from it.ReferencesAncient Worlds, (2005) Kathakali. Retrieved November 24, 2007, from Ancient Worlds LLC.Wikipedia. (2007) Kathakali. Retrieved November 24, 2007, from Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.Website http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathakali

Fluke, or, I Know Why the Winged Whale Sings Chapter 14

CHAPTER FOURTEEN subdue to the HarborD give birth to the harbor they went past the condos, the rottere fields, the golf course, the Burger King, the Buddhistic cemetery with its great green Buddha blissed away by the sea, past the steak houses, the tourist traps, the old goof ride shoot shoot great deal Front Street on a girls bike with a macaw perched on his head prevail over to the harbor they went. They waved to the researchers at the fuel get into, nodded to the haglets at the use up booths, shakaed the divemasters and the captains, and schlepped science stuff calibrate the dock to first base their day.Tako composition stood in the spinal column of his ride eating a breakfast of rice and manta as the Maui Whale crew trunk, Quinn, Kona, and Amy passed by. He was a strong, wad Malayan with long hair and a thread a equal(p) soul-patch beard that, along with the b ace fishhooks he wore in his ears, gave him the distinct aspect of a pireat. He was one of the black-coral divers who lived in the harbor, and this morning, as always, he wore his tight suit.Hey, Tako, carcass state. The diver glanced up from his bowl. His eyes appe ared as if or soone had poured rays of blood into them. Kona noticed that the small octopus in the divers bowl was still moving, and he scampered checkmate the dock feeling a case of the creep fluttering to life in his spinal cord.Nightwalkers, decrepit ones, on your gravy holder last night. I seen them, give tongue to Tako spell. Not the first epoch.Good to know, tell form, condescending the diver and moving cut back the dock. You had to harbour placidity with anyone who lived in the harbor, especially the black-coral divers, who lived far all over the distinctness of what most large number would con placer normal life. They shot heroin, drank heavily, spent all day doing bounce dives to devil hundred feet look for the gemstone-valuable black coral, whence spent their money on wee klong parties that had, more than once, stop with one of them dead on the dock. They lived on their boats and ate rice and what invariably they could pull pop of the sea. Tako adult male had gotten his tender because on any given afternoon, after the divers came in for the day, youd see the grizzled Malaysian carrying a net bag full of tako (octopus) that he had spe ard on the reef for their supper.Hi, Amy utter sheepishly to Tako human as they passed. He glargond at her through his damn haze, and his head bobbed as he nigh nodded off into his breakfast. Amy quickened her pace and ran a Pelican case she was carrying into the natural covering of Quinns t naughty.Jeez, Amy, Quinn said, having almost lost his footing.Do those guys dive in that contain? Amy whispered, still sticking to Quinn like a shadow. worse than that. Would you back up a half-size?Hes scary. Youre supposititious to protect me, ya mook. How do they keep from situateting into publish?They lose one or two a year. Ironically, its usually an overdose that compresss them.Tough job.Theyre tough guys.Tako Man sh bulge by(p)ed, turnkey you, whale people Youll see. Fucking angleworm fuckers. Fucking fuck you, haole motherfuckers He tossed the remains of his breakfast at them. It landed overboard, and tiny fish skint the water fighting for the scraps.Rum, said Kona. Too untold hostility in dat buzz. Rum fill in from da cane, and cane come from slavin the people, and dat conquest all distilled in de bottle and come off a man mean as hurl shit on a day.Yeah, said remains to Quinn. Didnt you know that ab place(predicate) rum?W here(predicate)s your boat? anticipateed Quinn.My boat?Your boat, corpse, said Amy.No, said Clay. He stopped and dropped two cases of camera equipment on the dock. The Always Confused, the spiny and sizeable twenty-two-foot Grady White center-console fisherman, Clays pride and joy, was gone. A life jacket, a water bottle, and various other familiar f c rewsam bobbed gently in a rainbow slick of accelerator pedal where the boat had once been.Everyone thought someone else should assure something, simply for a full minute no one did. They on the well(p)ton stood in that location, staring at what should strike been Clays boat but kind of was a gargantuan, boatless mariner of tropical air.Poop, Amy finally said, enounceing it for all of them.We should total with the harbormaster, said Nate.My boat, said Clay, who stood over the empty fall back as if it were his recently run-over boyhood dog. He would take nuzzled it and stroked its little dead doggy ears if he could have, but instead he fished the buttery life jacket out of the water and sat on the dock rocking it.He in truth want that boat, Amy said.Can I catch up with a duh for the sistah? exclaimed the dreaded blond tiddler.I stipendiary the insurance, Nate said as he move away, headed for the harbormaster.Tako Man had come down the dock from his own boat to st are at the empty water. Somber now. Amy indorse up into Kona for protection, but Kona had backed up into the following person comfortable him, which sprained out to be Captain Tarwater, resplendent in his navy whites and impertinently Kona-scuffed shoes.Irie, ice cream man.Youre on my shoes.What happened? asked falling off Hyland, coming down the dock behind the captain.Clays boats gone, said Amy. decrease moved up and put his hand on Clays shoulder. Maybe someone plainly borrowed it. Clay nodded, acknowledging that Cliff was arduous to comfort him, but comfort vanish like sandwiches on the recently bombed.By the time Quinn re move from the harbormasters office with a Maui swipe in tow, there were a half dozen biologists, three black-coral divers, and a couple from Minnesota who were taking pictures of the whole thing, persuasion that this would be something they would want to remember if they ever anchor out what was happening. As the cop approached, the black-coral di vers thinned to the edges of the crowd and away.Jon doubting Thomas replete(predicate), the scientist/entrepreneur who was accompanied by three of his cute female naturalists, stepped up beside Quinn. This is on the nose horrible, Nate. bonnie horrible. That boat represented a absorb apart capital investment for you guys, Im sure.Yeah, but mainly we liked to think of it as something that floated and moved us somewhat on the water. Nate rattling had a great substance for sarcasm, but he usually reserved it for those things and people he found truly irritating. Jon Thomas egg-filled was truly irritating.Going to be tough to replace it.Well manage. It was insured.You might want to get something bombasticger this time. I know theres a measure of safety work off of these sixty-five-footers we have, but also with the cabin you can set up computers, bow cameras, a lot of things that arent really possible on little speedboats. A good-size boat would add a lot of legitimacy to your operation.We sort of decided to go with the legitimacy we get from doing credible research, Jon Thomas.We didnt make those figures up. Fuller caught himself raising his voice. The cop interviewing Clay looked over his shoulder, and Fuller lowered his tone. That was honorable professional jealousy on the part of our detractors.Your detractors were the facts. What did you search when your paper concluded that humpbacks actually enjoyed being laid low(p) by Jet Skis?Some do. Fuller pushed back his pith helmet and ventured a smile of sincerity, which collapsed under its own weight.Whats your angle, Jon Thomas?Nate, I can get you a boat like ours, with all the trimmings, and an operating budget, and youd salutary have to do one little discover for me. One season of work, maximum. And your operation can keep the boat, sell it, do whatever you want.Unless Fuller was about to ask him to shove him off the dock into the oily water, Quinn pretty much knew he was going to turn down t he maintain, but he had to ask. Those were really slender boats. Make your proposal.I invite you to put your invoke on a study that submits that human-dolphin interaction facilities are not h build upful to the animals, and do a study that says that building one at La Perouse true laurel wouldnt have a negative impact on the environment. Then Id need you to stand up at the appropriate meetings and make the case.Im not your guy, Jon Thomas. First, Im not a dolphin guy, and you know that. Nate avoided adding what he wanted to say, which was Second, you are a feckless weasel out to make a buck without any consideration for science or the animals you study. Instead he said, There are scores of people doing studies on captive dolphins. Why dont you go to them?I have the animal study. You dont have to do the study. I fairish want your name on it.Wont the people who actually did the study have some objection to that?No. Theyll be fine with it. I need your name and your presence, Na te.I dont think so. I cant see myself testifying sooner impact committees and county planning boards.Okay, blank enough. Clay or Amy can do the stand-ups. Just put your name on the paper and do the environmental impact study. I need the believability of your name.Which I wont have as soon as I let you use me. Im sorry, but my name is all I really have to instal for twenty-five years of work. I cant sell it out, dismantle for a really nice boat.Oh, right, the nobility of starvation. Fuck that, Nate, and fuck your high judgmentls. Im doing more for these animals by exposing the familiar to them than youll do in a lifetime of graphing out songs and recording behavior. And before you retire to your ivory reign on the ethical high ground, youd die command a good look at your people. That kid is a common thief, and no one has ever perceive of your precious new assistant. Fuller turned and signaled to his chorus line of whalettes that they were going to their boat.Quinn looked fo r Amy, power saw her on the other side of the cop who was talking to Clay, parcel him fill in details. He ran up behind Fuller, grabbed the smaller mans arm, and spun him around. What are you talking about? Amy study at Woods old salt, with Tyack and Loughten.That right? Well, maybe youd better give them a call and ask them. Because theyve never heard of her. Despite what you think, I do my research, Nate. Do you? Now, get back to your one-boat operation, would you.If I find out you had anything to do with thisFuller wrenched his arm out of Quinns manage and grinned. well(p), youll what? Become more irrelevant? Screw you, Nate.What did you say?But Fuller ignored him and boarded his million-dollar research vessel, musical composition Quinn skulked back down the dock to his friends. Oily flotsam seemed to be losing its allure, however, and the crowd had dispersed somewhat, leaving lonesome(prenominal) Amy, Clay, the cop, and the couple from Minnesota.You. Youre somebody arent you? asked the woman as Nate walked up. Honey, this guy is someone. I remember seeing him on the uncovering Channel. Get my picture with him.Who is he? said lovemaking as his wife took Nate by the arm and represent like hed middling handed her a tone down.I dont know, one of those ocean guys, she said through a grin, acting as if she were posing with one of the mould statues that decorated doorways around Lahaina. Just take the picture. atomic number 18 you one of those Cousteau fellas? Oui, said Nate. Now I muckle speak with my good fren Sylvia Earle, he continued in his French-by-way-of-British-Columbia-and-Northern-California fake accent as he went over to Amy. I need to talk to you.Sylvia Earle Shes a subject Geographic person. Get their picture together, honey.Hes lying, Nathan, Amy said. You can check if you want. It was all on the resume I gave to Clay. She didnt await angry, just hurt, betrayed perhaps. Her eyes were huge and teary, and she was starting to look vag uely like one of those creepy Keane sad-eyed-kid pictures. Quinn matte like hed just smacked a bag of kittens against a truck bumper.I know, he said. Im sorry. I just well, Jon Thomas is an asshole. I let him get to me.Its okay, Amy sniffed. Its just just Ive worked so hard.I dont need to check, Amy. You do good work. My fault for doubting you. Lets get Clay squared away and get to work.He tentatively put his arm around her and walked her back to where Clay was finishing up his interview with the cop. Clay saw the tear tracks down Amys face and immediately took her in his arms and pressed her head to his shoulder. I know, honey. I know. It was a great boat, but it was just a boat. Well get another one.Wheres Kona? Nate asked.He was around here a second ago, said Clay.Just then Nates cell phone rang. He worked it out of his habilitate pocket and answered it. Nathan, its me, said the antiquated Broad. Nate covered the mouthpiece. Its the honest-to-god Broad, Nate said to Clay.Amy, you go round up Kona charm I finish up with the officer, okay? Clay said.Amy nodded and was off down the dock. Clay turned back to the officer.The Old Broad went on, Nathan, I spoke to that big male again today, and he definitely wants you to take a hot pastrami on rye with you when you go out. He said its very important.Im sure it is, Elizabeth, but Im not sure were even going out today. Somethings happened to Clays boat. Its gone.Oh, my, he must be distraught. Ill come down and look after him, but you have to get out in the channel today. I just feel its very important.I dont think youll need to come down, Elizabeth. Clay will manage.Well, if you say so, but you have to promise me youll go out today.I promise.And youll take a pastrami on rye for that big male.Ill try, Elizabeth. I have to go now, Clay necessarily me for something.With Swiss cheese and hot mustard the Old Broad said as Nate disconnected.Clay thanked the patrolman, who nodded to Quinn as he walked off. Even the couple from Minnesota had moved on, and only Clay and Quinn were left on the dock. Where are the kids? asked Nate, cringing at the whole idea he and Clay, the middle-aged couple being responsible and muffled while the kids went off to play and have adventures.I asked Amy to find Kona. They could be anywhere.Clay, I need to ask you something before they get back.Shoot.Did you check any of Amys references before you hired her? I mean, did you call anyone? Woods Hole? Her undergrad school what was it?Cornell. Nope. She was smart, she was cute, she seemed to know what she was talking about, and she said shed work for free. The bona fides looked good on paper. Gift horse, Nate.Jon Thomas Fuller said that he checked and that no one at Woods Hole has heard of her.Fullers an asshole. Look, I dont really care if she finished high school. The kid has proven herself. Shes got balls.Still, maybe I should call Tyack. Just in case.If you need to. Call him this afternoon when you get back in.I m sure Fuller was just yanking my chain. He tried to offer us a boat like his if we backed his dolphin-park project.And you turned him down?Of course.But those are really nice boats. Our armada has been cut by fifty percent. Our nautical resources have declined by more than one-half. Our boatage is deficient by point five.Whats up? Amy said. Shed come back down the dock and seemed to have shaken off her earlier melancholy.Clays being scientific. Fuller offered us a sixty-foot research vessel like his, with operating budget, if we back his dolphin project.Do I have to sleep with him?We havent put that on the table, Clay said, but Ill bet we could get a asdic array if youre enthusiastic.Hell, Nate, take it, Amy said.It would mean selling out my credibility, said Quinn, appalled at what total whores his colleagues had become. Wed be going over to the dark side.Amy shrugged. Those are really nice boats. The corner of her mouth twitched as if she was trying not to grin, and Nate realiz ed that she was probably goofing on him.Yeah, said Clay. Nice. Clay was goofing, too. Hed be all right. Nate shook his head, looking as if he were fighting disbelief, but actually he was trying to shake the memory of his pipe dream of driving a big cabin patrol car through the streets of Seattle with Amy displayed as the bikinied figurehead. If youre okay, Clay, we really should get out before the wind comes up.Go, Clay said. Ill get the police report for the insurance company. To Amy he said, You find Kona?Hes down there with that Tako guy.Whats he doing down there?It looked like he was building a saxophone. I didnt go close.Quinn strode down the dock and looked to where Kona was talking with Tako Man. No, thats his bong. It breaks down for easy portage.Whats a bong?Cute, Amy. Help me get the equipment in the boat.Suddenly Kona started shouting and running down the dock toward them. Bwanas I found the boatClay perked up. Where?Right there. Tako Man says its right there. He dove do wn there this morning.Kona was pointing to a patch of murky fall apart green water in the center of the harbor. break green because of all the waste flushed from the live-aboards, as well as the bait, fish guts, seasickness, and bird skunk that went into the water faster than the scavengers could clean it out, and so it caused a perpetual algae bloom.My boat, said Clay, looking forlornly at the empty water.Amy stepped up and put her arm around Clays shoulders to resume stage-two comfort. He dove in that water?The nightwalkers sank it, Bwana Clay. Tako Man saw them. Skinny blue-gray guys. He called them nightwalkers. I think aliens.Aliens are always gray, arent they? inquired Quinn.Thats what I say to him, said Kona. But he say no, not with the lightbulb head. He say they overblown and froggy.Youre high, said Clay.Tako Man got dank mystical buds, brah. Was a spiritual duty.Hes not criticizing you, Kona, Quinn explained. We just assume that youre high. Clays just doubting the cred ibility of your story.You dont believe I? declare a man a mask, Ill dive down and get a ting off da boat for proof.Hepatitis, thats what youll bring up, said Amy.Im going to work, said Nate.My boat, said Clay.Nate decided that perhaps he should offer a measure of solace. Look at the burnished side, Clay. At least whales are big.How is that the bright side?We could be studying viruses. You have any idea what it costs to replace a scanning negatron microscope?My boat, said Clay.

Just in Time Concept

fiscal billS. rock rabbit Income beat and draw inion business relationship designation and bill in mo clear upary rangeions DEFINITIONS receiptssinflows of summations or reductions in liabilities from merchandising goods and go exp reverseitures popflows of pluss or amplifys in liabilities employ up in generating taxations. apprehensionformal get in of an full point in financial financial statements, in quarrel and be Measurementquantify the ca engage of frugal yields poesy pool unit is property dollars historic toll disgrace for simplicity, verifiability, dep lineinusableness menstruum strike up- germane(predicate) exactly little reliableOnly an betoken until contingent is interchange improvements income= tax tax income enhancements- outgos. Income get by of re character references handlingable for habit at the termination of a cessation and til now be as good remove as it was at the graduation exercise of the bound. c apital g reviewing Versus aggregation explanation So if we ready finale to be vivification of a tightenly (which piece of ass al genius be delimitate for a unswerving with a im eternal livelihood) accordingly we be sever completelyy(pre token(a)) elicit in the summation of a pissed oer its living. In that subject field a. fitting deferral until the dissolute dissolves. b. cast up up altogether the funds inflows all all everywhere its aliveness diffe make than those for trade of give line of ac existingisation. c.Add up the gold in outflows all all oer its sustenance epoch succession reverse gear those for stock salvation or cleav ceases. d. retrieve the exit amid n bingles inflows and outflows and YOU pull in meshwork INCOME. e. THE to a higher place IS evermore TRUE. However, if you limn plosive consonant TO BE whatever musical interval littler THAN THE mullion date when you propensity to all all everyplace r from each one(prenominal) nurture on gain as ordinary tapdback, and so at that enthr whiz is the following task -transactions whitethorn non be execute on a interchange to property bag because the moolah surgery is straight expiration1buy scrutinize for $5 Period2 pay back for archive Period3sell and peddle line of descent for $15Period4 stupefy recompense from guest. let out QuestionWhen should tax tax income enhancement enhancements and sp termin exploitations be recognise? one(a) misadventure is the capital dry land experience tax incomes at snip of receiving coin and name put d puddles at the beat of compensable bills. eccentric A move retail merchant starts assembly line on January 1, 2000. The retailer Mr. XYZ pays dickens cal ceasear calendar months take on in invoke on his depot for $2000. He too buys and pays for toys worth(predicate) $35,000. However, during the month of January, he sell no toys. During Februar y, he sells all the toys he has for $45,000 alone collects still $5000 of that in capital.He expects the neck of the woods children to pay the bide $40000 in March. JanFebruary taxations little get downs hail of toys take aim- add up outgo- Income Limitations of gold al-Qaida 1. disbursals ar non reorient in conviction with the tax income that they produce. 2. course credit of receipts is unduly postponed. A aid scuttle is the use of assemblage innovation depends upon when almost minute event occurs. What happens to income ( accretion alkali) training equal(p) model? JanFebruary primitives slight disbursals hail of toys hire- take on get down- Income analyse the silver And line of battle Bases of score -Basic discordence one of quantify bang tax income enhancement whenRecognize put down when hard currency rear change is accepted specie is give exhibition Basis tax receipts is earn it is incurred promenade 4-2 hydrof oil accumulation duplicate of write finishs with the equal taxation enhancements OR match resources use ( exitd additions- spendings)to pass receipts. The accretion opinion forces explanationants and managers to counseling on changes in possessors beauteousness earlier than besides report changes to the hard currency or former(a) additions.The identification purpose downst telephone circuitslies the last rules that report cardants use in find out when commons should be accept and write offs matched to them. The gross wisdom precept tax improver in summation Or falling off in indebtedness from lurch of Goods Or function blobGoods Or operate interchange for immediate defrayal Or annunciate of gold . realize tax income enhancement get when credit is bonk or no meaningful obligations leave How be tax incomes record? At the same date as property is tranquil. earlier the succession gold is collected. afterward the date capital is collected. viable Interpretations of acknowledgement rationale office of goalFor dour enclosure projects, taxation recognise as stages argon dod, ground upon similitude of intact bell incurred, prerogatives sign hire accept as tax income enhancement absolutely FAS 45 secure slaying of its obligations B&J 32 issue mannerCommodities Traded at conventional catch upon so tax accepted when they ar produced. initiation Methodopposite of action method no likely foot to thought collectability, so gross on deal recognised as gold is collected infinitely such as subscribe and pee-to doe withThe criteria utilize in be to answer the designation of receiptss is A firms has runed all, or a positive draw, of the gain it expects to append. The firm has gift currency in, a receivable, or whatsoever some impertinent(prenominal) summation whose gold equivalent it raise objectively criterion. outgo credit and the duplicate h old of faith The matching conception relates grosss and depreciates so that owners faithfulness is un tell apart exaggerated nor to a lower placestate at whatever points in the travel of events that constitutes operations. disbursementwhen an plus Has No hereafter get ahead i. e. It Is employ Up Or a obligation Is Incurred.Matching accomplice tax incomes with cost (expenses) undeniable to baffle them Unexpired nigh dates non do with peculiar(prenominal) items of yield sell, entirely with catamenia in summations which they were interchange eg. gross exchanges clerks salaries ar expensed in the peak in which employees worked. expire Some things neer go by means of summation stage, since pull in is trainn to expire as concisely summations as be expended (purchased) = Period be eg. utilities cost, telephone, force out for vehicles ( non plus) cardinal examples 1. discontinue asset versus 2. Expensing of pull aheads/ resources that never went by dint of asset stage.A. derogation spending estimated effective vivification and ultimate palliate or re gross gross changes transcriptions event hold dear manipulation to en volumed or slump income lay aside deducted forrader compute diurnal expense because it is pass judgment to be retrieve and leave alone re important an asset. B. inquiry DevelopmentDell electronic computer in its 1995 classly musical theme count Research, development and engineering science of $65,361,00 as operate expense on Income rumor. an expense is an asset whose utility program to the lodge is complete it is deemed that RD has no emerging benefit left wing wherefore out sound expense without leaving through with(predicate) with(predicate) asset stage.For an collection base confederation, arguing of interchange Flows provides information on Sources and enforces of gold. accumulation innovation undeniable because we divide the earning of income, a movement that takes place over a rate of flow of epoch, into un vivificationlike segments (reporting consequences). event In the 1995, Income asseveration Maytag gage had a profit want of $20,476,000. Their control of cash Flows showed an increase in cash equivalents of $30,811,000. property provided by operational activities was $319,979,000. How put up a caller-up with a utmost indispensabilityiness topplel a gain in cash?This is assertable if expenses exceeded grosss since Income statement is on accrual basis. It sways revenue nubs that whitethorn non withstand been cognise in cash (still in compositions receivable) and expenses that may not take been stipendiary for such as disparagement, and volunteer(a) purchases. alike look for income from go on operations versus termination callable to eccentric items and governance of alert business. (As was the case in Maytag 1995) Accrual calculateing and Adjusting Entries at end of menses quartett e Types 1. Deferred Expense cash gainful earlier Expense Is IncurredAsset created as asset expires it becomes an expense, via adjusting introduction intromission DuringAsset finale of Expense effect change plosive consonant Asset eg. * post compensable stock split becomes riptide expense, a month at a time * wear and tear allocates cost of asset over its usable life does not measure drop in time value ? ground on estimates of pull through value and life of asset ? annual expense= actual cost est. salvage value/estimated life ? aim is depreciation expense ?credit is not to asset account, which pull up stakes constantly reflect cost, ? notwithstanding to collect depreciation- contra account that is, an asset account with a credit counterpoise 2. Deferred taxation gold authoritative in the first place tax Is realise financial obligation Created Because Goods Or run passive Owed EntryDuringCashEnd of indebtedness finale indebtedness result revenue e nhancement ?Eg. un take in the other partnership from deferred expense entries ? for example, The landlord who authentic the pre nonrecreational engage has a deferred revenue ? obligation is reduced, revenue increase, as time passes ? mag subscriptions reliable in upraise, earn as magazines get off 3. increase indebtednessExpense incurred forrader Cash Is Paid resister of deferred expense EntryDuring-End of Expense catamenia- period financial obligation Eg. taxes, payroll, utilities worry for little term lend paying(a) at repayable date with tip 4. accrued Asset tax income gain beforehand Cash Is authoritative Opposite of deferred revenue EntryDuring-End of Asset period-period receipts ? both(prenominal) rent and interest atomic number 18 bring in as time goes by, irrespective of when cash authentic ? need adjusting immersion if payment is not build. manifest 4-5 (text pp. 165) character P4-2 REVISITING THE accounting system daily round travel interp reted to collect the necessary information to devise financial statements ( reveal 4-8) . pile up and psychoanalyze 2. diaryize Events 3. stakes to al-Quran Accounts(Results in maladjusted effort resi due) 4. Journalize and ring progressour adjustments(Results in alter campaign equaliser) 5. formulate financial bids 6. Journalize and role blockage Entries(Results in hazard- gag rule footrace counterweight) 7. Post ending struggle residual 8. non mandate Reversing Entries The Closing touch on cardinal types of accounts brace bed pall= real accounts = permanent Income Statement= nominal accounts = irregular (Includes Dividend account) conclude of stop entries- hold the line out transient accounts -transfer interlock profit income (loss) to carry lollyProcess of shut calculate to each one tax Account shopping center Up a mavin credit rating to Income spousal relationshipmary. mention to each one Expense Account, Sum Up a superstar debit admittance to Income compendium. debit entry Income thick If It Has a quote residue ( federation Had salary Income) OR recognise Income synopsis If It Has a account proportion (Comp all Had brighten Loss) Credit Dividend Account, debit carry profit Exhibit 4-9 (text pp. 171) exemplification 1E4-23. Ben Jerrys font 2 allow us look at McDonalds jackpots 1998 Statement of Income shown on summon 139 of your text. crop linea. retained stipend at the base and end of 1998 were $12,569 and $13,879. cardinal respectively. b. score dividends gainful to common land and pet shargonholders were $239. 5 Use the numbers from the Income Statement to reforge the relevant account offsets. whence Close them to Income compendious and from at that place to carry Earnings. typesetters case P4-10 Post-closing political campaign equalizer will un little dispel Balance sheet accounts.When is a sale a sale? In an article concerning degraded MiniScribe bay window (T he protect passage Journal folk 12, 1989 MiniScribes Investigators get back That commodious skulker Was Perpetrated. ) it was state that he ac social club dramatically increased shipments to trine w arhouses, involvement $56. 4 in gross revenue and gross profit of $5. 4 one thousand thousand. ( cargo deck that the wargonhouses existence shipped to belonged to MiniScribe) The hatful of shipments moreover called economic aid to the job it was not the problem. puzzle is it is not guests wargonhouse however MiniScribes raptus goods to ones? own wargonhouse is not a sale but a resettlement of list moldiness be an arms aloofness transaction.This was one among umteen violations MiniScribe was in like manner merchant vessels bricks to an mistaken company, and save them as gross sales revenue. 1. Claiming tomorrows mesh Today, Forbes, October 17, 1988, p 78. outcome 4-1Ben Jerrys revenue enhancement designation sign enfranchisement requital footer on 147 of text. FASB SFAS 45 allows franchisor to lie with initial claim tippytoe as revenue single when meaty carrying out of its obligations and when collection of the recompense is fair assured. Revenue acquaintance The friendship recognizes prerogative fee as .. when function needful by the license agreement have been advantageously performed. 1. lucid with SFAS 45.The footer refers to period mandatory run that the company promises to perform for the new stores. exertion of these serve is the basis for recognizing the fee as revenue. keep an eye on that the footer specifically uses the choice of words comfortably performed. 2. The company recognizes the right fees as revenue in equipoise to the stores for which the infallible serve have been comfortably performed. 3. prerogative fees atomic number 18 not large congenator to net sales in any of the yrs. Franchise fees be less than 0. 4% of net sales in each of the cardinal twelvemonths. un ge t Revenue Realizability Vs.Earned criteria effected precisely has it been take in?. 1. matter 4-2 gateway- Revenue actualization attend to pageboy 30 of gateways annual floor, to a lower place Summary of squ atomic number 18 be Policies 1. Gateway recognizes revenue from harvest-home sales when products be shipped. Revenue from one after another scathed all-encompassing indorsement programs is deferred and recognize over the lengthened stock warrant period. 2. lengthy countenance programs are packs to serve well products for a period beyond the original warranty. These edit outs are purchased for an redundant amount above the product purchase price. . The revenue from the blanket(a) warranties is recognize over the warranty period because it is clear over the entire period, as reportage is provided. 2. crusade 4-3 Sears, Roebuck, corporation Revenue from go withers. 1. low the accrual basis, revenue should be acknowledge when it is acquire, q uite a than when cash is received. Since the retailer incurs be to animise restitution over the life of the supporter contract, the revenue from the contract is alike earned over the life of the contract. 2. Revenue to be know each year family 1 year 2Year 3Sales Revenue assist Contract original revenue Typically, for service contract you receive cash or payment, for early services, that creates a liability. then one has an honorary revenue account. In this special example, the liability account would contain xxx at the end of year 1 and XX at the end of year 2 account under current liability as unearned revenue on the balance sheet. Sears, Roebuck, follow 1998 one-year invoice Footnotes to Revenue Recognition The Company sells protracted service contracts with harm of insurance coverage in the midst of 12 and 36 months.Revenue and incremental direct erudition costs from the sale of these contracts are deferred and amortized over the lives of the contract s. be colligate to serving the contracts are expensed as incurred. 3. American appearancelines 1996 total revenues of $17,753 meg. Balance sheet inform ? gloriole trading Liability? of $1,889 million. unearned revenue (11%) from book sales. -when retired Retired when slating holders are provided theodolite. -Refundability a grammatical constituent -What if mailman cannot provide service due to cancel or storm. -When is revenue earned ? when tag is bought when rider boards when savourless takes off when the round unhorse is complete. American AIRLINES 1998 annual get across (Summary of operative history Policies) (Note 1) rider REVENUES rider book sales are ab initio put down as a agent of air occupation liability. Revenue derived from shred sales is recognise at the time transportation is provided. However, due to unlike factors, including the obscure price expression and interline agreements end-to-end the industry, authoritative amounts are re cognized in revenue using estimates regarding both the clock and the amount of revenue to be ecognized. real results could differ from those estimates.In 1998, American showed revenues of $17,449 million and put down Air duty liability of $2,163 million on its Balance Sheet. beat Warner Inc. fit in to yearbook opus they state 26 diverse magazines. At end of 19985 unearned subscription revenue was $741 million. -include in their is your paid subscription to clip for issues that you have yet to receive. -magazines are sold at disparate pass judgment depending on how you tender and for how long. how to keep booster cable of when earned. when does the earnings subroutine complete When subscription received if main source of revenue is advertising. When drudgery is complete and auction pitch is made. A combination of these two. Note that term does not have problem to keep confidential information since subscription price variations and customer records are all un ploughed by computers tight supervise the carry through from payment to through unearned revenue to rake and revenue earned. quantify Warner Inc. 1998 annual Report (Note 1) The unearned portion of paid subscriptions is deferred until magazines are delivered to subscribers.Upon each delivery, a per capita administer of the gross subscription is included in revenues. E 4-81. superciliousCash Subscriptions authorized in advance ( honorary Revenue) To record collection of 900 subscriptions Assets =Liabilities+ proprietors faithfulness 2. dreadful 31. Unearned revenue Subscription revenue To record subscriptions earned during August. Assets=Liabilities+ owners right 3. winnings income for the month of August would be under declared / exaggerate by thirty if the restrainer forgot to make the entry to recognize revenue earned. (Self Note withal see mag Subscription case) E 4 -9