10 of the Most Inspirational Parts of Nursing

10 of the Most Inspirational Parts of Nursing The crazy shifts, the constant wrestling with life and death. What keeps a nurse going?  Here is a random list of the most important things a nurse holds onto in order to keep showing up for work. 1. PassionThat’s the drive that brings nurses  to medicine in the first place. Keeping sight of this and staying connected to the desire to help people are vital in any nurse’s career.2. RespectFor each other, for the profession, for the lives so often hanging in the balance.3. HumorLaughter, we all know, is often the best medicine. In order to make it through the toughest days, it’s often mandatory to  find humor in the darkness.4. GratitudeAs important for nurses as everyone else- perhaps more so. Being thankful for patients, personal  health, and the  patience of families and friends is key.5. TeamworkNurses  work together to make it look seamless, but it takes a lot of individual effort and care.  6. Learning and teachingBoth are the best way to keep t he passion up- whether by mentoring and teaching a new colleague or fulfilling your own desire to keep learning more and advancing in your professional development.  7. AdvocacyBeing there for the patient and standing up for him or her when they can’t speak for themselves is challenging, but necessary and humbling.8. TrustWithout it, nurses  are sunk. They  have to trust themselves, their  knowledge, and the people they  working with, or they can’t help anyone.9. CourageNurses couldn’t do their jobs without it. It takes courage just to come to work- more to take a stand whenever necessary for patients’ interests.10. InnovationExciting decisions happen every day, in very setting. Nurses are always using  what we know to make the world a healthier, safer place.

How a Forester Begins a Career

How a Forester Begins a Career Entering and completing a forestry career can be the most rewarding thing a person can do in ones lifetime. If you become familiar with the expectations, can accept demanding entry-level work and have a true love of forests and nature, you will do just fine. Most successful foresters know this and earn the title of successful resource manager. Many consider them true naturalists. Every foresters goals should be working toward becoming a proficient and complete natural resource scientist with a willingness to change. A forester must be flexible to change which will include dealing with shifting forest management priorities, influencing popular political environmental and energy policies plus understanding climate change concerns while utilizing forests for dozens of uses. So, how do you start the process of becoming a graduate forester? Q: Do you have to be a forester to have a career in the forest? A: I frequently get employment, career and job questions on forestry and becoming a forester or forestry technician. Just how do you begin a forestry career or find a job with a conservation organization or company? According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the largest employer of forestry personnel...read more. Q: What should you expect to do as a new forester?A:There arent many careers where you do so much with such variation! Foresters spend considerable time outdoors the first years of their careers. Typical entry-level responsibilities might include measuring and grading trees, evaluating insect outbreaks, conducting land surveys, working in...read more. Q: Who will hire you as a forester?A:The Department of Labors Occupational Outlook Handbook says Conservation scientists and foresters held about 39,000 jobs. Nearly 3 out of 10 workers were in the Federal Government, mostly in the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). Foresters were concentrated in the USDAs Forest Service...read more. Q: What training is required to be a forester?A:Of all the professions, forestry may be the most misunderstood of the lot. Many kids and adults asking me about becoming a forester havent a clue that it takes a four-year degree or higher. The stereotypical picture is of a job spent in the forest, or...read more. Q: Do foresters have to be licensed?A:Fifteen states have mandatory licensing or voluntary registration requirements that a forester must meet in order to acquire the title professional forester and practice forestry in the state. In many cases you do not have to be licensed if you work on federal...read more. Q: What are the chances of new foresters finding jobs?A:If you are a new forester and using this FAQ, the odds of you finding a forestry job have just dramatically increased. Information included here will get you started in a big way and uses the Internet to the fullest extent....read more. Q: What are some tips on finding forestry employment?A:First, be working on a bachelors or technical degree in forestry. Decide in what area of forestry you want to work (state, federal, industry, consulting, academic)...read more. Q: What are future prospects for finding a job as a forester?A:Here are some predictions from the Department of Labor:Employment of conservation scientists and foresters is expected to grow about as fast as the average for all occupations through 2008. Growth should be strongest in State and local governments and in research and testing services, where demand ...read more. Q: How much money do foresters make?A:The Occupational Outlook Handbook reports that Median annual earnings of foresters in 2008 was $53,750. The middle 50 percent earned between $42,980 and $65,000. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $35,190 and the highest 10 percent earned...read more.

Forces Driving the Globalisation Process Research Paper

Forces Driving the Globalisation Process - Research Paper Example Today, organizations can only ignore the rest of the world at their own peril due to the heightened competition both within and beyond their countries of origin. Operational and competitive strategies of businesses have to factor the globalization aspect more than ever before. Globalization, therefore, requires firms to keep abreast what their competitors are doing, where they are located and which economic, socio-political and technological developments are happening in these locations. Multinational businesses have been facing challenges in their endeavor to venture into various markets worldwide which are slowing down their prospects and the general speed of globalization. This paper will look into the forces driving globalization and explain some of the challenges that globalization presents to multinational businesses. Forces Driving the Globalisation Process Manufacturers and service providers have revolutionized the global market environment in the last 3 decades. This has bee n facilitated by the fact that organizations have increasingly formed joint ventures and strategic alliances and established foreign subsidiaries. These actions create the concept of process in globalization since a bigger picture is created which facilitates the movement of products and services to markets all over the world. It is therefore important to identify the various forces that drive globalization. Capital markets liberalization For globalization to spread there is need to have the free flow of investment beyond the confines of one country or region. Digitization of capital offered this opportunity although many countries that adopted it faced numerous start-up challenges. Many Asian countries are among the affected especially in the late 1990s. A serious financial and market crisis ensued in Russia and Argentina in the early 2000s and at this point, the IMF was blamed for having faulty policies (Tallman 2010). Those against liberalization argued that speculators were to t ake advantage of and affect cross country movements. In this respect, certain taxes were proposed for example the Chilean and Tobin taxes control the extent of speculation (Tallman 2010). As much as it is true that liberalization had its shortcomings and that some nations felt it harder than others, its benefits far outweigh its initial setbacks. One such benefit is the easy access to funds for SMEs and entrepreneurs. It is also true that in many countries banks and financial structures are largely government controlled. However, these governments have been relaxing their muscles due to pressure from inter-country competition in attracting foreign investment. As a result,  capital markets have been progressively liberalized so as to attract investment and interlink financial markets. The risk though of these practices is currency fluctuations e.g. the dollar as the case is today with the looming crisis in the Middle East and North Africa particularly Libya which is a major oil exp orter.

Assessment #2 - Experiential Analysis Assignment

Assessment #2 - Experiential Analysis - Assignment Example r daily wagon position; Caren Oshome is responsible for Wagon Turn Around times; Eric Njoroge is responsible for Locomotive & Transit times; and I, Samuel, is responsible for locomotive turnaround times at key depots/yards. This company experiences cultural diversity and, therefore, intercultural accommodation among different groups is highly encouraged. Our group constitutes varying cultural backgrounds and each of us endeavors to appreciate the culture of each other in order to improve service delivery. We joined the company at a time during which mutual understanding was quite a challenge. We decided to embrace free communication which not only bonded and gave us a basis for a common identity, but also created a context for interaction and negotiation amongst us. As a consequence of this communication, we have created a set of shared experiences and many ways of talking about issues affecting us at work. To this end, we have inculcated our own culture/style of doing certain things. Conforming to such criteria is helping us to attain our objectives. This is dictated by our responsibilities and obligations and, hence, fosters a harmonious functioning among group members. Secondly, it enhances relationships and group cohesion from within since it outlines the kind of attitudes expected of us. More often than not, this facilitates us in a substantial way to resolve conflict. Thirdly, it assists to gain a better understanding of our job experiences by prescribing our ethical attitudes as well as the roles. After we adopted similar values and behaviors, we started experiencing a sense of unity and belongingness; stability as conflicts are resolved and harmony is maintained; satisfaction and group cohesion; and improved internal dynamism as a result of the influence of a stronger internal cohesion. Quite a lot of facts have been brought on board to shed some light on how culture affects interpersonal communication within a group. To complement past emphasis on

Personal portrait Essay Example for Free

Personal portrait Essay Erickson hypothesized that the personality of a person develops in universal and observable patterns corresponding to the ways a human fetus develops. 1 He said that trust is developed in infancy. If one has been nurtured with trust around him, a child learns to trust others. Erickson gave emphasis on the mother’s positive and loving care for the child through constant touch. Erickson believed that if one grows with nurturing love and attention, a child will develop the sense of trust with people around him. He will grow up and live life confidently knowing that he is safe. If one may observe, an infant is constantly looking for her mother, he grows anxious and begins to cry if he cannot see his mother. This is so because the mother’s presence comforts the infant, giving him the feeling that with her mother beside him, he will be safe. He knows instinctively that his physical and emotional needs will always be attended to by her mother. A child who did not develop the sense of trust in infancy can become frustrated because she will grow up learning to doubt others, thus creating negativity within him. When this child grows up, developing relationships may pose a problem. I am with the belief that my mother has nurtured me with the love and care in my infancy. For now that I am grown, it is easy for me to trust people and believe what other people say. Relating with others has never been a problem and knowing that I can count on others for support and assistance makes me try out things and endeavors with excellence in mind. My mother once told me that I had always been a pleasant child. I readily smile when touched; always ready to be cheered and giggle when tickled. So I suppose my mother nurtured me well in infancy, for I was a contented and adorable baby. The second psychosocial stage of Erickson is the Early Childhood. This is between the ages of 18 months to 3years. This is the group of toddlers. Most people are charmed by toddlers, especially when they act or speak like adults. A child in this stage loves to role-play and ask endless questions. They love to explore and investigate things that capture their interest that is why they tinker with their toy and ends up destroying it. It is at this stage when the child’s curiosity is at its peak, thus, all their questions should be answered clearly. It is the age when they learn to walk, run and jump, thus, they hate to be cuddled and restrained. Any attempt to withhold them from any mishap would earn a resounding NO! from them. This is the word they love to say over and over again. A parent should balance encouragement and restrain because an overprotective mother could wreak havoc on a son’s ego. He might grow up becoming overly dependent on others. Also, a child who is criticized for behaviors may grow up to have low self-esteem, afraid to try things because of fear of being criticized or ridiculed. I must have been a handful for my docile mom for she tells me the joys of my childhood days, how small but terrible I was; how I loved to explore and run and scream with gusto, I had my fill of playing that I always end up tired and helpless at the day’s end. She said I was such a ball of curiosity. I loved to learn. My thirst for knowledge is immense, which must have been triggered by my mother’s relentless ability to let me be. Learn things the way I want to, used my senses in developing ideas, and gather experiences that would be ingrained in my mind till now. The next stage is the play age known as the initiative vs. guilt. This occurs between ages 3-6 years. It is during these years when a child learns initiative and develops sense of responsibility and independence. Thus it is necessary that a child should be guided to learn the skills necessary to develop their self-concept and discipline. Parents can teach the child through examples. It is important that parents realize that a child in this stage should develop a positive moral concept thus; the standards parents impose must be realistic and doable for the child. He should be given tasks which are adept to his motor skills such as sweeping the floor, washing the dishes, setting the table etc. Giving him tasks to perform builds his self-confidence and enhance his understanding of responsibility. The 4th stage of Erickson, developmental theory is the industry vs. inferiority. This comprises the age of 7 to 12 years. In this stage, the child learns that if he does well in school, he can win the appreciation and admiration of his parents, friends and teachers. The opinions of others are important to him. Thus a child shows industry in finishing his school works and exerts efforts to show efficiency. According to Allen and Marotz (2003), children at this age are becoming more aware of themselves as individuals. They work hard at being responsible, being good and doing it right. 2 The child also develop his moral values at this stage. A child who is ridiculed for getting poor grades may feel shame and regard himself as inferior to others. I pride myself in the fact that going to school was never a chore. It was an activity for me each day, looking forward to meeting my friends and teachers, learning things and sharing my experiences in school. The next stage is the Identity vs. Role Confusion between ages of 12-18 years. It is the stage where one grapples with the concept of his own identity. The individual is neither a child nor an adult. The task is to discover one’s own identity separate and distinct from others. We create a special bond with our friends. Those that we can relate to and identify with. I am fortunate to have a group of friends whom I have bonded with during my high school years. We shared the same interests and always had a great time with each other. Each day does not seem enough for us to enjoy one’s company, we never seem to run out of stories to tell, problems to share with and crushes to keep. My adolescent period is where I gathered most of my great experiences in life, the essence of friendship and the worth of knowledge and what it takes to pursue one’ goal in life. The young adulthood stage of Erikson covers the 19-40 age group referred to as the psychosocial crisis of intimacy vs. isolation. According to Erik Erickson the young adult stage, Intimacy vs. Isolation, is emphasized around the ages of 19 to 34. At the start of the Intimacy vs. Isolation stage, identity vs. role confusion is coming to an end and it still lingers at the foundation of the stage (Erikson 1950). Young adults are still eager to blend their identities with friends. They want to fit in. When we arrive at stage six we should be prepared for intimacy, a close personal relationship, and isolation, the fact of being alone and separated from others. A balance between intimacy and isolation makes love possible as we must know how to be alone in order to learn to truly love. Having a balanced stage 6 will help tremendously later in the coming stages when unwelcome or unexpected isolation surfaces, for example, the death of a spouse or a loved one (Erikson, Erikson, Kivnick 1986)3 This stage speaks of commitment, of rejection and on how one is prepared for it. I for one value intimacy and commitment. I chose to be married and live a happy life together with the one I have chosen to spend it with. Once married, I intend to have it for eternity, battling all trials and hardship with the belief that love can surpass obstacles. The family values that had been inculcated in me, I want to nurture by raising a family of my own. The next stage of Erickson’s developmental theory is known as the generativity vs. , stagnation otherwise known as middle adulthood for the 40-65 years old. It is simply seeing what you have done and seeing how you have progressed as an individual. If you have lived your life well, and raised a family of your own, it is the stage when you simply give guidance to your children on how to raise their own children. It is simply witnessing the unfolding of another generation. While stagnation is that of simply stagnating. Not having lived your life well. Wasting years of life. As early as now, I intend to make my life a success, by raising a family I can be proud of, living a comfortable life that will make myself proud, and watch my children live their life in the way I have raised them. Being there for them to help them face their trials in life. Supporting them in the best way I can, and guiding them on how to deal with realities of this world. The last stage is the integrity vs. despair. This stage speaks of the individual who has aged and has gotten old. It is the time of looking back and assessing what you have done with your life, how you lived it. Is it something you can be proud of, or is one which you should be ashamed of. The adage of â€Å"reaping what you sow† is fitting here, because, it speaks of what you have sowed in life. Is there a sense of fulfillment? Like, if you have children, were you able to send them all to school? How are they now? But if one lived life less sensibly, then I suppose, despair would be in store for him in his golden days. Kohlberg’s stages of moral development discuss morality into three levels: The Pre-conventional Morality which is childhood and is defined as â€Å"obeying rules and avoiding negative consequences. † 4 Where the rules set by parents define moral law. The conventional level between the ages of 9 to adolescence, â€Å"where children begin to understand what is expected of hem by their parents, teachers etc† and the Post-conventional level which is adulthood. Where â€Å"Morality is seen as upholding the values of your group or culture. 5 Erickson’s theory of development can be compared to Kohlberg’s theory of moral development in the way a child is raised. The morality standards of the parents are the guiding principles of the parents in raising their child. For example, if punishment is used in disciplining a child, obedience can be solicited because the child fears punishment. An adolescent would behave in a manner that is expected of him, in accordance with the moral values inculcated in him. Rules will be followed in the way the individual was made to conform to it. Kohlberg’s moral development satisfies Erickson’s developmental theory that satisfying the child’s need is good and moral; that obeying expectations is seen as moral; meeting expected performance is good and moral. People in varying situations, in different culture, react differently to a given situation. Addressing a particular situation in accordance with ones values is moral. Meaning what is right or wrong is perceived in accordance with one’s personal beliefs. The implication of these development theories in gender difference, environment, cultural and ethnic influences can be shown in delimiting gender stereotypes. It is to be noticed that both young girls and boys are energetic and vigorous in their motor activities, hence, teachers should not make assumptions that â€Å"monkey bars† are only for boys or that literature depicting racial discriminations should be avoided. The theories enunciates that development is universal and that morality issue differs from each culture and race; and acting in ones own personal belief is moral, hence, should be respected and accepted as such.

Distortion in Brave New World Essay -- Brave New World Essays

Distortion in Brave New World    Distortion is an image of a thought or idea that appears to have a single affect on a society, but in actuality provides one that is totally different. Often times in order for readers to understand the realism of today's society and the point that the author tries to make in presenting its flaws, the writer must distort reality. In doing this he urges the reader to engage in a deep thought process that forces them to realize the reality of a situation, rather than perceiving it to be good or evil based on the dilutions of individuals. In his novel Brave New World, Aldous Huxley uses tomorrow's dystopia and distorts it by creating a utopian visage. By distorting religion and science, Huxley allows readers to realize the happiness that the inhabitants feel is in actuality the unhappiness they are trying to avoid.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Huxley's brave new world loathes the pain and agony of religion, as well as the complications that it creates; but in reality the inhabitants have a rigorous... Distortion in Brave New World Essay -- Brave New World Essays Distortion in Brave New World    Distortion is an image of a thought or idea that appears to have a single affect on a society, but in actuality provides one that is totally different. Often times in order for readers to understand the realism of today's society and the point that the author tries to make in presenting its flaws, the writer must distort reality. In doing this he urges the reader to engage in a deep thought process that forces them to realize the reality of a situation, rather than perceiving it to be good or evil based on the dilutions of individuals. In his novel Brave New World, Aldous Huxley uses tomorrow's dystopia and distorts it by creating a utopian visage. By distorting religion and science, Huxley allows readers to realize the happiness that the inhabitants feel is in actuality the unhappiness they are trying to avoid.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Huxley's brave new world loathes the pain and agony of religion, as well as the complications that it creates; but in reality the inhabitants have a rigorous...

Fdi Inindia Ananalysis on Theimpact of Fdi in Indias Retail Sector-

FDI in India: An analysis on the impact of FDI in India’s Retail sector Submitted By: Subhajit Ray Department of Humanities and Social Sciences IIT Kharagpur Kharagpur-721302 1 Introduction: Initially the Indian policy makers were quite apprehensive about the flow of foreign capital into the economy. This can be attributed to the colonial past which saw large investments being made by their colonial rulers in the form of major infrastructure instruments like railways but only to make huge gains for themselves and sucking the host country of its resources.But currently the global economy has been witnessing an incessant form of economic growth characterized by the flow of capital from the developed world to the developing countries. During the 1990s Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) became the single largest source of external finance for the developing countries. When faced with an economic crisis during the same period the Indian policy makers had to open up the Indian market a nd accordingly India has been seeing a consistent increase in FDI inflows.Indian economy has been showing high growth rates in the post liberalization era. In the last fiscal year according to the Planning commission’s data the Indian economy recorded a growth rate of 8. 6% and 8% in the year before. This is reason enough to call it a high performing economy. All Multi National Enterprises (MNEs) have been eyeing the Indian market ever since they have opened up. The policy makers have been vigorously pursuing the reforms program as they believe that high growth has been the resultant of economic liberalization.FDI has been seen as a dominant determinant to achieve high rate of economic growth because of the ease with which it can bring in scarce capital, triggers technology transfer and enhances the efficiency by increasing the competitiveness of the market. Also FDI as a form of policy instrument to raise capital is usually preferred over other forms of external finance beca use they are non-debt creating, non-volatile and their returns depend on the performance of the projects financed by the investors.FDI is successful in human capital formation, increases total factor productivity and efficiency of resource use. But such benefits are highly dependent on the policies of the host government. It is furthermore described as a source of economic development, modernization, and employment generation. Several factors both political and apolitical have led to a greater acceptance of FDI. The envisioned role of FDI has evolved from that of a tool to solve the crisis under the license raj system to that of a modernizing force of the Indian economy.In support of their endeavor the policy makers have often cited the example of the Chinese experience of achieving high growth rate through foreign direct investment. India has opened up its economy and allowed MNEs in the core sectors such as Power and Fuels, Electrical Equipments, Transport, Chemicals, Food Process ing, 2 Metallurgical, Drugs and Pharmaceuticals, Textiles, and Industrial Machinery as a part of reform process started in the beginning of 1990s. Currently FDI is also permissible in the Telecommunications, Banking, Insurance and IT sector. Currently there is huge debate going on about allowing FDI in retail.This paper aims to discuss the critical aspects of FDI in India, present a case study on the success of reforms in the telecommunications sector, analyze both sides of the arguments currently going on regarding FDI in retail and conclude with suggestive measures on the part of the government which can eliminate the negative effects of allowing FDI in India’s retail sector. Assessing the impact of FDI on host economy- a review of various economic literatures: FDI inflow into the core sectors is assumed to play a vital role as a source of capital management and technology in countries of transition economies.It implies that FDI can have positive effects on a host economyâ €™s development effort (Caves, 1974; Kokko, 1994; Markusen, 1995; Carves, 1996; Sahoo, Mathiyazhagan and Parida 2001). It has been argued that FDI can bring the technological diffusion to the sectors through knowledge spillover and enhances a faster rate of growth of output via increased labour productivity. There have been a lot of empirical studies to assess the impact of FDI in developing economies and the results to this date have been found to be mixed.Many reports have questioned the positive effects of the FDI inflow in the host country. Some studies done earlier had found that FDI has a negative impact on the growth of the developing countries (Singer,1950; Griffin, 1970; Weisskof, 1972). Multinational Enterprises (MNEs) in the name of FDI may drive out the local firms because of their oligopolistic power, and also, the repatriation of profit may drain out the capital of the host country. The main argument in this regard was that the main component of FDI in less develop ing countries was in the primary sector.Then these primary products were exported to the developed nations and processed for import back to the developing nations and thus resulted in the host nations receiving a lesser value for their resources. Hanson (2001) argues that evidence that FDI generates positive spillovers for host countries is weak. In a review of micro data on spillovers from foreign-owned to domestically owned firms Gorg and Greenwood (2002) conclude that the effects are mostly negative. Lipsey (2002) takes a more favorable view from reviewing the micro literature which argues that there is evidence of positive effect.He also argues that there is need for more consideration of the different circumstances that obstruct or promote positive spillovers. Rodan (1961), Chenery and Strout (1966) in the early 1960s argued that foreign capital inflows have a favorable effect on the economic efficiency and growth towards the developing countries. It has been explained that FDI could have a favorable short-term effect on growth as it expands the economic activity. However, in the long run it reduces the growth rate due to dependency, particularly due to â€Å"decapitalization† (Bornschier, 1980).This is due to the reason that the foreign investors repatriate their investment by contracting the economic activities in the long run. FDI is an important vehicle for the 3 transfer of technology and knowledge and it demonstrates that it can have a long run effect on growth by generating increasing return in production via positive externalities and productive spillovers. Thus, FDI can lead to a higher growth by incorporating new inputs and techniques (Feenstra and Markusen, 1994). Aitken, et al. 1997) showed the external effect of FDI on export with example of Bangladesh, where the entry of a single Korean Multinational in garment exports led to the establishment of a number of domestic export firms, creating the country’s largest export industry. Hu and Khan (1997) attribute the spectacular growth rate of Chinese economy during 1952 to 1994 to the productivity gains largely due to market oriented reforms, especially the expansion of the non-state sector, as well as China’s â€Å"open-door† policy, which brought about a dramatic expansion in foreign trade and FDI.A study by Xu (2000) found a strong evidence of technology diffusion from U. S. MNEs affiliated in developed countries (DCs) but weak evidence of such diffusion in the less developed countries (LDCs). It concluded that in order to benefit from the technology transfer by the MNEs a country needs to achieve a basic minimum human capital threshold. A recent study by Banga (2005) demonstrates that FDI, trade and technological progress have differential impact on wages and employment.While higher extent of FDI in an industry leads to higher wage rate in the industry, it has no impact on its employment. On the other hand, higher export intensity of an indust ry increases employment in the industry but has no effect on its wage rate. Technological progress is found to be labor saving but does not influence the wage rate. Further, the results show that domestic innovation in terms of research and development intensity has been labor utilizing in nature but import of technology has unfavorably affected employment in India.The study by Sharma (2000) concluded that FDI does not have a statistically significant role in the export promotion in Indian Economy. This result is also confirmed by the study of Pailwar (2001) and the study also argues that the foreign firms are more interested in the large Indian market rather than aiming for the global market. The study by Sahoo and Mathiyazhagan (2003) also support the view that FDI in India is not able to enhance the growth of the economy.Though there is a common consensus among all the studies in the Indian context that FDI is not growth stimulant rather it is growth resultant. A study by Dr Maat hai K. Mathiyazhagan(2005) demonstrate that the flow of FDI into the sectors has helped to raise the output, labour productivity and export in some sectors but a better role of FDI at the sectoral level is still expected. Results also reveal that there is no significant co-integrating relationship among the variables like FDI, Growth rate of output, Export and Labour Productivity in core sectors of the economy.This implies that when there is an increase in the output, export or labour productivity of the sectors it is not due to the advent of FDI. Thus, it could be concluded that the advent of FDI has not helped to wield a positive impact on the Indian economy at the sectoral level. Thus, in the eve of India's plan for further opening up of the economy, it is advisable to open up the export oriented sectors so that a higher growth of the economy could be achieved through the growth of these sectors. 4 Foreign Direct Investment policy of India:Foreign direct investment policy of the government of India has been gradually liberalized. As early as in the year 1948 and 1956 (two industrial policy resolutions) government policy clearly reflected the need to supplement foreign capital and technology for rapid economic growth. The core objective of the foreign capital policy was that the control of industrial undertaking should remain in the Indian hands. However, the government had granted permission in certain cases for allowing establishment of exclusive foreign enterprises.Foreign capital was preferred in specific areas which bring in new technology and establish joint ventures with Indian partners. Government also granted tax concessions to foreign enterprises and streamlined industrial licensing procedures to accord early approvals for foreign collaborations. In the case of 100 per cent export of output, foreigners were allowed to establish industrial units. It needs to be noted here that under the Foreign Exchange Regulation Act (FERA) 1974 only upto 40 per ce nt of the equity holding of the foreign firms were permitted.Foreign investment was permitted under designated industries along with restrictions in terms of local content clauses, export obligations, promotion of R and prohibition by law the use of foreign brands (Hybrid domestic brands were promoted such as Ford Escort and Hero Honda). It needs to be pointed out here that the restrictions have been flouted frequently and relaxations were also granted. This process has culminated into gradual liberalization of government policy towards foreign capital.It is reflected in continuous increase in the number of approvals granted. During the period 19611971, the number of foreign collaborations approved was 2475 which were increased to 3041 during the period 1971-1980. There was dramatic increase in the foreign collaboration approvals during the period 1981-1990 (7436 collaborations were approved). This policy enabled to build domestic technological capability in many branches of industr y but generally considered very restrictive.It has been widely accepted that protection of domestic industry for a longer period of time resulted into high cost production structure along with poor quality. Foreign direct investment policy announced by the government of India in July 1991 was regarded as a dramatic departure from the earlier restrictive and discretionary policy towards foreign capital. The FDI policy of 1991 proposed to achieve objective of efficient and competitive world class Indian industry. Foreign investment was seen as a source of scarce resource, technology and managerial and marketing skills.The major feature of policy regarding foreign investment up to 51 per cent of equity holding was permitted too. Automatic approvals were also allowed to foreign investment up to 51 per cent equity in 34 industries as well as to foreign technology agreements in high 5 priority industries. The Foreign Investment Promotion Board (FIPB) was set up to speedily process applica tions for approvals of the cases which were not covered under the automatic route. Laws were amended to provide foreign firms the equivalent status as the domestic ones.Government of India, however, put in place the regulatory mechanism to repatriate payments of dividends through Reserve Bank of India so that outflows are balanced through export earnings during stipulated period of time. Further liberalization measures with regard to foreign investment were taken during 1992-93. The dividend balance conditions were revoked except in the case of consumer goods industries. Non Resident Indian (NRI) and Overseas Corporate Bodies (OCB) were permitted in high priority industries to invest up to 100 per cent equity along with repatriation of capital and income.Apart from expansion of the area of operation for FDI in many new economic activities, the existing companies were also allowed to increase equity participation up to 51 per cent along with disinvestment of equity. Foreign direct in vestment policy has been changed frequently since 1991 to make it more transparent and attractive to the foreign investors. FDI up to 100 per cent is allowed under automatic route for all sectors/activities except activities that attract industrial licensing, proposals where foreign investors had an xisting joint venture in same field, proposals for acquisition of shares in an existing Indian company in the financial sector and those activities where automatic route is not available. The only sectors/activities where FDI is not permitted are agriculture and plantations excluding tea plantations, real estate business (excluding development of townships, housing, built up infrastructure and construction development projects-NRI/OCB investment is allowed for the real estate business), retail trade, lottery, security services and atomic energy.Government has simplified procedure, rules and regulations on a regular basis since 1991 to make Indian economic environment foreign investor fri endly. Attempt has been made through FDI policy to make India the hub of global foreign direct investment as well as in economic activities. Trend and Dimension of FDI inflow in India: The dimensions of the FDI flows into India could be explained in terms of its growth and size, sources and sectoral compositions. The growth of FDI inflows in India was not significant until 1991 due to the regulatory policy framework.It could be observed that there has been a steady build up in the actual FDI inflows in the post-liberalization period (Figures 1. 1 and 1. 2). Actual inflows have steadily increased from US $ 143. 6 million in 1991 to US $ 37763 million in 2010. This results in an annual average growth rate close to 6 per cent. However, the pace of FDI inflows to India has definitely been slower than some of the smaller developing countries like Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia and Vietnam.In fact, India had registered a declining trend of FDI inflows and the FDI- GDP ratio especially in 1 998 and 2003 could be attributed to many factors, including the US sanctions imposed in the aftermath of the nuclear tests, the East Asian meltdown and the perceived Swadeshi image different political parties, which was 6 ruling government during this period in India. It is also important to note that the financial collaboration has out numbered the technical collaboration over the years. But since 2006 India has seen a remarkably higher growth of FDI in accordance with the general trends of the global conomy with a slight dip in the year 2009-2010. This can be attributed to the recessionary situation in the global economy. In recent years, India’s share in the global FDI inflows has increased substantially. Year wise FDI inflow in the post reforms era (1990-2001) 1999-2000 2439 1998-1999 1997-1998 1996-1997 FDI 1995-1996 1994-1995 1993-1994 1992-1993 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 US $ MILLIONS Figure 1. 1 Year 1992-93 1993-94 1994-95 1995-96 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 FDI 393 6 54 1374 2141 2770 3682 3083 2439 7 However, China receives a greater percent of global FDI inflows.India’s effort have not yet realized in comparison to the changes which has been made in the FDI policy. Year wise revised FDI inflow since 2000-2001 with expended coverage to approach International Best Practices. 2009-2010 2008-2009 2007-2008 2006-2007 2005-2006 FDI 2004-2005 2003-2004 2002-2003 2001-2002 2000-2001 0 10000 20000 30000 40000 US $ MILLIONS Table 1. 2 Year 200001 200102 200203 200304 200405 200506 200607 200708 200809 200910 FDI 4029 6130 5035 4322 6051 8961 22826 34835 37838 37763 Capital goods sector has more or less been bypassed by FDI.This clearly points out the tendency of foreign investment to exploit the pent up domestic demand 8 for consumer durable goods. Further more, there is a gradual increase in the mergers and acquisitions during the 1990s which show a tendency of FDI inflows to acquire existing industrial assets and managerial control without actu ally engaging in new productive activities (Nagraj, 2006). India’s large size of domestic market seems to have been the major attraction for foreign firms. SHARE OF TOP INVESTING COUNTRIES FDI EQUITY INFLOWS Others France Germany Cyprus Country Japan Netherlands U. K U. S. A. Singapore Mauritius 0 10 2 2 4 4 9 % 4 5 7 9 42 20 30 40 50 %age to total Inflows (in terms of US $) The analyses of the origin of FDI inflows to India show that the new policy has broadened the source of FDI into India. There were 86 countries in 2000 which increased to 106 countries in 2003 as compared to 29 countries in 1991 whose FDI was approved by the Indian Government. The country-wise analysis of the FDI inflows shows that Mauritius, which was not in the picture till 1992, is the highest contributor of FDI to India. A major share of such investment is represented by the holding companies of Mauritius set up by the US firms.It means that the investment flowing from the tax havens is mainly the inv estment of the multinational corporations headquartered in other countries. Now an 9 important question arises as to why the US companies have routed their investment through Mauritius. It is because, firstly, the US companies have positioned their funds in Mauritius, which they like to invest elsewhere. Secondly, because the tax treaty between Mauritius and India stipulates a dividend tax of five per cent, while the treaty between Indian and the US stipulated a dividend tax of 15 per cent (World Bank, 1999).Telecommunications Sector- A success story: Further narrowing of FDI in sub-sectors reveals the success story of the telecommunications sector. Research into Telecommunications furthers the haphazard nature of FDI investment and policy making. The current process for FDI in telecommunications can be attributed to two policies that were undertaken by the government: National Telecom Policy of 1994 and New Telecom Policy of 1999. Before the economic reforms ‘teledensity†™ was low, infrastructure growth was slow, and the lack of reforms restricted investments and adoption of new technologies.The existing legislative and regulatory environment needed major changes to facilitate growth in the sector. It was 1991 when the programme was undertaken to expand and upgrade India’s vast telecom network. The programme included: complete freedom of telecom equipment manufacturing, privatisation of services, liberal foreign investment and new regulation in technology imports. Simultaneously, the government-managed Department of Telecommunications (DoT) was restructured to remove its monopoly status as the service provider.The government programme was formalised on a telecom policy statement called National Telecom Policy 1994 on 12 May 1994. However the 1994 policy was not sufficient to make the India’s telecommunications sector fully open and liberalised. The incumbent monopoly (DoT) was indifferent in implementing the national telecom policy e ffectively due to its lack of commitment. This paved the way for designing a new policy framework for telecommunications which was called the New Telecom Policy 1999. The New Telecom Policy 1999 (NTP99) was developed after the reform process began in 1991.The interest of the government led to the new policy. As a result in addition to the sectoral caps, the government policy played a major role in the liberalization of the telecom sector. As a result a large number of private operators started operating in the basic/mobile telephony and Internet domains. Teledensity has increased, mobile telephony has established a large base, the number of Internet users has seen a steep growth, and large bandwidth has been made available for software exports and IT-enabled services, and the tariffs for international and domestic links have seen significant reductions.Total FDI in Telecommunications sector is over US $ 15 billion. The takeover of Hutch by Vodafone is one of the largest FDI deals fo r an amount of US $ 11 billion. Tariff 10 rates are the lowest in the whole world and there are more than 250 million users. The Retail sector in India: The retail industry in India is one of the fastest growing. Even without FDI driving it, the corporate owned retail sector is expanding at a furious rate. AT Kearney, the well-known international management consultancy, recently identified India as the ‘second most attractive retail destination’ globally from among thirty emergent markets.It has made India the cause of a good deal of excitement and the cynosure of many foreign eyes. With a contribution of 14% to the national GDP and employing 7% of the total workforce (only agriculture employs more) in the country, the retail industry is definitely one of the pillars of the Indian economy. . Trade or retailing is the single largest component of the services sector in terms of contribution to GDP. Its massive share of 14% is double the figure of the next largest broad ec onomic activity in the sector.The retail industry is divided into organised and unorganised sectors. Organised retailing refers to trading activities undertaken by licensed retailers, that is, those who are registered for sales tax, income tax, etc. These include the corporate-backed hypermarkets and retail chains, and also the privately owned large retail businesses. Unorganised retailing, on the other hand, refers to the traditional formats of low-cost retailing, for example, the local kirana shops, owner manned general stores, paan/beedi shops, convenience stores, hand cart and pavement vendors, etc.A simple glance at the employment numbers is enough to paint a good picture of the relative sizes of these two forms of trade in India – organised trade employs roughly 5 lakh people whereas the unorganized retail trade employs nearly 3. 95 crores. Given the recent numbers indicated by other studies, this is only indicative of the magnitude of expansion the retail trade is expe riencing, both due to economic expansion as well as the ‘jobless growth’ that we have seen in the past decade.It must be noted that even within the organised sector, the number of individually-owned retail outlets far outnumber the corporate-backed institutions. Though these numbers translate to approximately 8% of the workforce in the country (half the normal share in developed countries) there are far more retailers in India than other countries in absolute numbers, because of the demographic profile and the preponderance of youth, India’s workforce is proportionately much larger. That about 4% of India’s population is in the retail trade says a lot about how vital this business is to the socio-economic equilibrium in India. 1 Arguments against adoption of FDI in India’s Retail sector: FDI driven modern retailing is labour displacing to the extent that it can only expand by destroying the traditional retail sector. Till such time we are in a posit ion to create jobs on a large scale in manufacturing, it would make eminent sense that any policy that results in the elimination of jobs in the unorganised retail sector should be kept on hold. Studies suggest that about 5 crore jobs will be lost and only 20 lakhs new jobs will be created.With their incredibly high capital FDI driven retailing units such as Wal-Mart will be able to sustain losses for many years till its immediate competition is wiped out. This is a normal predatory strategy used by large players to drive out small and dispersed competition. This entails job losses by the millions. Even the organised retail sector may face serious problems and may eventually be wiped out. The FDI driven retail units will typically sell everything, from vegetables to the latest electronic gadgets, at extremely low prices that will most likely undercut those in nearby local stores selling similar goods.They would be more likely to source their raw materials from abroad, and procure go ods like vegetables and fruits directly from farmers at pre-ordained quantities and specifications. This means a foreign company will buy big from India and abroad and be able to sell low – severely undercutting the small retailers. Once a monopoly situation is created this will then turn into buying low and selling high. Such re-orientation of sourcing of materials will completely disintegrate the already established supply chain.In time, the neighbouring traditional outlets are also likely to fold and perish, given the ‘predatory’ pricing power that a foreign player is able to exert. As Nick Robbins wrote in the context of the East India Company, â€Å"By controlling both ends of the chain, the company could buy cheap and sell dear† It is true that it is in the consumer’s best interest to obtain his goods and services at the lowest possible price. But this is a privilege for the individual consumer and it cannot, in any circumstance, override the responsibility of any society to provide economic security for its population.Clearly collective well-being must take precedence over individual benefits. The primary task of government in India is still to provide livelihoods and not create so called efficiencies of scale by creating redundancies. 12 Arguments in favour of adoption of FDI in India’s Retail sector: The main driver for adoption of Retail in India seems to be the recognition that the Indian economy faces serious supply-side constraints, particularly in the food-related retail chains. The government would like to improve back-end infrastructure, and ultimately reduce post-harvest losses and other wastage.There is also a general concern, highlighted by the persistence of food inflation, that intermediaries obtain a disproportionate share of value in this chain and farmers receive only 15% of the end consumer price. Now the farmers will be able to get a better price for their products. With easy credit availabilit y through foreign direct investment the situation of farmer suicides in India will improve. With foreign capital flowing into the economy the current inflationary situation will be tamed.One key point is that we must differentiate between the interests of consumers, who constitute our population of nearly 115 crore, from the interests of retailers, who may number near five crore. The larger supermarkets, which tend to become regional and national chains, can negotiate prices more aggressively with manufacturers of consumer goods and pass on the benefit to consumers. Undoubtedly, lower prices psychologically propel buyers to spend more than they otherwise would. The resulting growth in private consumption creates jobs. The tax collection of the government will improve as it is mpossible to tax the unorganised retail sector. The revenue collected by the government can be used for infrastructure development. Also India has had several retailers with deep pockets and access to skills. T hat they have not been able to swamp the domestic small retailer says something about consumer behaviour and small retail’s resilience. The argument that the advent of FDI and supermarkets will displace a large number of kirana shops is similar to the argument used during the era of industrial licensing, which was meant to protect small-scale industries.But eventually the inefficiencies and quality standards of the protected small-scale companies become apparent even to socialist politicians and licensing was abolished. Even a modest chain of 200 supermarkets, to be set up all over India in selected towns and cities in the next three years, will require an investment of about Rs 2,000 crore (Rs 20 billion), at the rate of Rs 10 crore (Rs 100 million) per supermarket to cover the infrastructure and working capital. Each supermarket may take 2 or 3 years before it becomes profitable.There is a risk that a few of them may even fail. No Indian entrepreneur will be willing and abl e to commit this level of investment and undertake the risks involved. That is where the 13 international experience and skills that may come with FDI would provide the confidence and capital. Apart from this, by allowing FDI in retail trade, India will become more integrated with regional and global economies in terms of quality standards and consumer expectations. Supermarkets could source several consumer goods from India for wider international markets.India certainly has an advantage of being able to produce several categories of consumer goods, viz. fruits and vegetables, beverages, textiles and garments, gems and jewellery, and leather goods. The advent of FDI in retail sector is bound to pull up the quality standards and costcompetitiveness of Indian producers in all these segments. That will benefit not only the Indian consumer but also open the door for Indian products to enter the wider global market. Suggestive measures to eliminate the negative effects of FDI in Indiaâ €™sRetail sector: FDI in the retail sector should be accompanied by policy formulations that encourage the growth of manufacturing sector in India. A growing manufacturing sector can accommodate the people who will loose their jobs due to the adoption of retail in India. FDI should be aggressively promoted in case of relatively less sensitive sectors like entertainment, R etc. Moreover import duty should be imposed to protect domestic production units. Strict labour laws should be imposed to ensure that no management jobs are outsourced.The government should also ensure the local population gets competitive wages and the working environment is proper. Jobs should be reserved for the poor people. If the language of operation is English then it will act as a hindrance for job creation for the underprivileged people. Hence Hindi and local languages as a mode of operation should be encouraged. Cooperative societies should be formed for the farmers and other agricultural suppliers to take care of their rights and to ensure that they are getting a fair price from the FDI driven big retail units.Strict corporate governance should be ensured to prevent the acquisition of local business units by foreign firms and to promote investor friendly trade practices. The foreign retail units should be made to divest a certain percentage of their equity in the Indian financial markets. Only strict governance can ensure that the foreign firms adhere to competitive trade practices. Social infrastructure like schools, colleges and hospitals should be developed to promote human capital formation as several studies suggest that such initiatives could enhance the spillover effects of FDI.Furthermore it will help in creating 14 jobs in the high technology sectors and will put India in the global technology scenario. Social security should be ensured through different policy measures like pension plans, employment guarantee programmes and free health care. Strict environmental laws should be enforced to ensure that the foreign firms do not indulge in unsustainable trade practices. Conclusion: The growth rate of the Indian economy has been very high in the post reforms era.And hence India has become the cynosure of investment by foreign multinational enterprises. The relationship between FDI and other macro economic variables like growth rate, export, employment and productivity has been found to vary. It has been found that to gain a positive impact of technology spillovers via FDI the host country should achieve a basic minimum human capital threshold. Studies exist both in support and against the positive impact of FDI in the Indian economy. It is self conclusive that the growth of FDI in India is growth resultant and not growth stimulant.The positive impact of FDI has been felt in the high technology sectors like telecommunication and IT. The success story of the telecom sector is a real confidence booster in this regard. It is clearly visible that the MNEs are more interested in exploiting the Indian markets rather than investing in capital goods. The retail sector is one of the fastest growing sectors of India. It also employs a huge proportion of the population. Hence any measure regarding this sector such as approval of FDI in the Indian retail sector will have a gigantic impact on Indian economy.FDI in the Indian retail sector will work wonders in terms of controlling inflation, creating new jobs and increasing the efficiency and productivity of the Indian economy. But many believe that it may lead to wide scale unemployment, drainage of capital from the Indian economy and social inequity. Hence FDI in India’s retail sector should be accompanied by stringent policy measures on the part of the government so that the majority of the population can benefit from the positive spillover effects of FDI.Government should encourage FDI in the manufacturing sector along with the retail sector to compensate for the loss of jobs that will be created due to the advent of FDI in retail. Government should also build social infrastructure to enhance the human capital formation so that the positive spillover effects of FDI are greatly felt. 15 References †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ FDI in India’s Retail Sector More Bad than Good? By Mohan Guruswamy Kamal Sharma Jeevan Prakash Mohanty Thomas J.Korah Rethinking the linkages between foreign direct investment and development: a third world perspective By: Shashank P. Kumar India’s Economic Growth and the Role of Foreign Direct Investment: By Lakhwinder Singh 2006. India’s FDI inflows Trends and Concepts By K. S. Chalapati Rao & Biswajit Dhar Impact of liberalization on FDI structure in India. By Dr. Gulshan Kumar. Impact of foreign direct investment on Indian economy: A sectoral level analysis. By Dr Maathai K. Mathiyazhagan.Foreign Direct Investment in Post-R eform India: Likely to Work Wonders for Regional Development? By Peter Nunnenkamp and Rudi Stracke. FDI in India in the 1990s. Trends and issues. By R Nagaraj. Economic Reforms, Foreign Direct Investment and its Economic Effects in India by Chandana Chakraborty Peter Nunnenkamp. March 2006. China and India: Any difference in their FDI performances? By Wenhui Wei. June 2005 Fact sheet on FDI in India by the Planning Commission. Data on GDP growth rate from the Planning Commisiion. Wikipedia. com Planningcommission. nic. in 16

American Literature. Mark Twain Essay

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In Pablo Nerudas short exposition, he talks aroun Essays

In Pablo Neruda's short exposition, he talks aroun Essays In Pablo Neruda's short exposition, he talks around about an affair he had as a youngster in his lawn. One day while looking through the fence encompassing his home, he saw a kid like himself who connected and gave him a toy sheep. The kid immediately vanished, so Neruda brought his very own fortune, and left he kid a little blessing in a similar spot. In spite of the fact that Neruda never again observed the kid, he kept the present for the res of his life. From this experience as a kid, Neruda says that he learned one of the best lessons about existence, that is the thankfulness and warmth from someone else, particularly somebody that you don't have the foggiest idea. This at last conveyed Neruda to the poss ibility that all of mankind is more noteworthy than the individual and that we are all by one means or another associated. Consequently, Neruda spent quite a bit of his grown-up life leaving words to individuals he didn't by and by know, demonstrating tend to all individuals of mankind. As RA's, I think we have a duty to show look after our inhabitants and the general population around us. We have all been through semesters at CMU, and I'm certain we've all accomplished those circumstances when you're qui te recently so overpowered with all the work you have and everything that is going on, that occasionally all you need is somebody to demonstrate that you're not the only one in this. It's imperative to demonstrate our occupants that we're here for them and think about their encounters. It will have a tremendous effect in the green beans involvement of our occupants, additionally, it will make a group where our inhabitants can figure out how to think about each other and their companions as opposed to grindi ng away alone. It is imperative that we make a group of companions who energize each other's objectives, rather than a group of people. This was plagiarized. Final Grade: 0

13 Best Jobs For Good Work-Life Balance

13 Best Jobs For Good Work-Life Balance we have a reputation in america for working too hard. more and more americans are working an average of more than 58 hours a week, well beyond the standard 40. but what if you want a better work/life balance? according to census data, the average american works approximately 39 hours and has a median income of $32,000 per year. but here are 13 positions that pay much better for roughly the same time on the job.postal service clerks work about 39.32 hours a week for a median earned income of $51,000.speech language pathologists work about 36.17 hours a week and make roughly $54,000.registered nurses and psychologists make about $56,000 a year, and work an average of 37.59 and 36.75 hours a week, respectively.chiropractors and occupational therapists each make an average of $60,000 a year working 36.02-39.75 hours.technical writers earn an annual average of $62,000 for 39.61 hours a week.physical therapists work about 37.43 hours a week and earn about $63,000.audiologists work roughly 37.77 hours a week for about $64,000, and radiation therapists make a median income of $70,000 a year for 38.4 hours.the biggest winners are optometrists, pharmacists, and dentists who work an average workweek of 37.83-39.03 hours, but make a whopping $100,000-$130,000 a year.consider one of these careers if you want to optimize your work-life balance and your bank account!the 13 highest-paying jobs for people who want to work less than 40 hours a week

Healthcare system reform Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Healthcare system reform - Essay Example The treatment should focus on relieving the symptoms experienced by the individual, and providing emotional and practical support to the family and carers (Abbey, 2006). Workforce, training and integration of services have been major barriers in the provision of quality end of life care. This has been recognized and general practice and specialist palliative care linkages with residential aged care facilities are being developed (Palliative Care Australia, 2008). The quality of life for individuals with life-limiting illness and their families could be improved by a palliative approach. The aim of palliative approach is to reduce suffering by early identification, assessment and treatment of individuals, with needs in areas such as pain, physical, cultural, psychological, social, and spiritual. The approach could be beneficial in reduction of individuals and families potential distress, by the provision of sufficient information to facilitate the decision making process. The approach is most effective when provided by a multidisciplinary team, and could be provided in a surrounding that the individual is familiar and comfortable in. Advance care planning requires systematic implementation, including communication between individuals, family and care givers. Educational programs for care team and individuals on a regular basis increase the probability of plans being completed and implemented. Comprehensive advance care plans should include re gular assessments and responding to changes in resident’s health (The National Palliative Care Program, 2006). Our vision for the provision of quality care at the end of life is to satisfy the needs of individuals, and commitment to necessary action for achievement of quality care. We plan a service delivery based on needs, supporting the individual’s appropriate choice of place for delivery of service, development of workforce including education and training, greater service integration for continuity of care,